BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE AIR FORCE

BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY

OF THE AIR FORCE

AIR FORCE MANUAL 24-306

30 JULY 2020

Transportation

OPERATION OF AIR FORCE

GOVERNMENT MOTOR VEHICLES

COMPLIANCE WITH THIS PUBLICATION IS MANDATORY

ACCESSIBILITY: Publications and forms are available on the e-Publishing website at

www.e-Publishing.af.mil for downloading or ordering

RELEASABILITY: There are no releasability restrictions on this publication

OPR: AF/A4LR

Supersedes: AFMAN 24-306,

30 April 2020

Certified by: AF/A4L

(Brig Gen Linda S. Hurry)

Pages: 151

This publication implements Air Force Policy Directive (AFPD) 24-3, Management, Operation

and Use of Transportation Vehicles, and supports Air Force Instruction (AFI) 24-301, Ground

Transportation, for the use of Air Force (owned, rented or leased) government motor vehicles

(GMVs). It is a guide to everyday operations, as well as driving under difficult conditions. For

the purposes of this document, GMV refers to owned, rented, or leased tactical or non-tactical

vehicles operated on or off-highway. When more information is needed for a specific vehicle,

check the Manufacturer’s Operators Manual, Technical Order (TO), or Qualification Training

Package (QTP) written for that vehicle. It applies to all organizations and personnel, including

Air Force civilian employees and members of the Civil Air Patrol, when conducting missions for

the Air Force as the official Air Force Auxiliary, that use GMVs in any way, including the Air

Force Reserve (AFR), and Air National Guard (ANG), except where noted otherwise. Send

comments and suggested improvements on AF Form 847, Recommendation for Change of

Publication through Air Force Installation and Mission Support Center (AFIMSC) functional

managers to United States Air Force, Directorate of Logistics (USAF/A4LR), Deputy Chief of

Staff (DCS)/Logistics, Engineering & Force Protection, 1030 Air Force Pentagon, Washington

DC 20330-1030. This publication may be supplemented at any level, but all Supplements must

be routed to the OPR of this publication for coordination prior to certification and approval.

MAJCOM supplements must also be routed to USAF/A4LR prior to certification and approval

for implementation. The authorities to waive wing/unit level requirements in this publication are

identified with a Tier (“T-0, T-1, T-2, T-3”) number following the compliance statement. See

AFI 33-360, Publications and Forms Management, for a description of the authorities associated

with the Tier numbers. Submit requests for waivers through the chain of command to the

appropriate Tier waiver approval authority, or alternately, to the requestor’s commander for non-

2  AFMAN24-306  30 JULY 2020 
tiered compliance items.   Ensure all records created as a result of processes prescribed in this 
publication are maintained in accordance with AFMAN 33-363, Management of Records, and 
disposed of in accordance with the Air Force Records Disposition Schedule located in the Air 
Force Records Information Management System. 
SUMMARY OF CHANGES 
This  document  has  been  substantially  revised  and  must  be  completely  reviewed.  Significant 
changes include the reduction of duplicative guidance, choosing instead to direct the reader to 
the  most  appropriate  guidance.  There  was  also  a  significant  reduction  in  acronyms  and 
abbreviations throughout the manual.  Where appropriate, waiver authority has been lowered and 
directive statements removed to afford greater installation-level latitude in application of ground 
transportation services.  Previously consisting of 16 chapters; the rewritten manual now consists 
of 14 chapters.  Major changes include the removal of general driving information and operation 
of motor vehicles on military air fields. 
AFI 36-2651, Air Force Training Program is now obsolete and has been updated to reflect AFI 
36-2670,  Total  Force  Development.    Added  to  the  definition  of  Direct  Mission  Support  to 
include Aircrew. Removed paragraph 1.7.4 (misuse reporting) to deconflict with AFI 24-301. 
Updated  UDI  definition  to  deconflict  with  AFI  24-301  Para  3.16.3.  Updated  verbiage  for 
maintaining log of misuse cases. They are to be kept on file for three years IAW 24-301. 
 
Chapter 1—ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES    15 
Section 1A—Introduction    15 
1.1.  Introduction. .............................................................................................................   15 
Section 1B—Roles and Responsibilities    15 
1.2.  USAF/A4LR - Headquarters USAF Logistics Readiness Division .........................   15 
1.3.  AFIMSC, NGB and AFRC ......................................................................................   15 
1.4.  Installation Commanders and Directors (or equivalent). .........................................   15 
1.5.  Logistics Readiness Squadron Commanders and Directors (or equivalent) ............   16 
1.6.  Unit Commanders ....................................................................................................   16 
1.7.  LRS - Ground Transportation ..................................................................................   16 
1.8.  Vehicle Control Officials .........................................................................................   17 
Chapter 2—OFFICIAL USE OF GOVERNMENT MOTOR VEHICLES    18 
Section 2A—Official Use Requirements    18 
2.1.  Official Use of GMVs. .............................................................................................   18 

AFMAN24-306  30 JULY 2020  3 
Section 2B—General Use Responsibilities    18 
2.  General Use Responsibilities. ..................................................................................   18 
3.  Making Official Use Determinations. ......................................................................   19 
4.  Priority of Transportation Services. .........................................................................   19 
5.  Vehicle Misuse Reporting. ......................................................................................   19 
6.  Penalties for Misuse of DoD Motor Vehicles. .........................................................   20 
Section 2C—Authorized Uses of GMVs for Temporary Duty Support    20 
7.  Temporary Duty. ......................................................................................................   20 
Section 2D—Standard Authorized Uses of GMVs for Permanent Party Mission Support    20 
8.  Permanent Party. ......................................................................................................   20 
9.  Event Participation. ..................................................................................................   21 
Section 2E—Special Authorized Uses of GMVs for Permanent Party Mission Support    22 
10.  Mission-Specific Authorizations. ............................................................................   22 
11.  MAJCOM, Numbered Air Force, and Installation Commanders. ...........................   22 
12.  Operations Group Commanders (OG/CCs). ............................................................   23 
13.  Domicile to Duty (DTD). .........................................................................................   23 
Section 2F—Dependent and Pet or Service Animal Transportation Support    23 
14.  General Dependent Transportation Support. ...........................................................   23 
15.  Invitational Travel Authorization Special Dependent Transportation Support. ......   23 
16.  Pet and Service Animal Transportation Support. .....................................................   24 
Section 2G—DoD Agency Transportation Support (non-inclusive)    24 
17.  Civil Air Patrol Support. ..........................................................................................   24 
Section 2H—General Unauthorized uses of Air Force Vehicles (Note: This is not an exclusive 
list)    24 
18.  Miscellaneous Event Support. .................................................................................   24 
19.  Personal or Social Engagements. .............................................................................   24 
20.  Household Goods Movement. .................................................................................   24 
21.  GMV Parking Locations. .........................................................................................   25 
22.  Permissive TDY Status. ...........................................................................................   25 

4  AFMAN24-306  30 JULY 2020 
Chapter 3—LICENSING AND TRAINING    26 
Section 3A—Operator Records and Licensing (OR&L) General Information and Administration    26 
3.1.  Policy. ......................................................................................................................   26 
3.2.  OR&L Office. ..........................................................................................................   26 
3.3.  Driver Records. ........................................................................................................   26 
3.4.  Military and Civilian Employee Licensing. .............................................................   27 
Section 3B—Licensing for Military Personnel    29 
3.5.  Military Personnel. ...................................................................................................   29 
Section 3C—Licensing for Non-US Citizens    29 
3.6.  Qualifying a Non-US Citizen. ..................................................................................   29 
Section 3D—Commercial Drivers License Requirements    29 
3.7.  Commercial Drivers License (CDL). .......................................................................   30 
3.8.  Military Exemption. .................................................................................................   30 
Section 3E—Licensing for Federal Civilian Employees, Contractor Personnel, and Federal Prison 
Camp Inmates    30 
3.9.  Licensing Federal Civilian Employees. ...................................................................   30 
3.10.  Licensing Contractor Personnel. ..............................................................................   31 
3.11.  Requirements for Contingency and Remote Areas. .................................................   32 
Section 3F—Administrative Control of USAF Licensing    32 
3.12.  Suspension for Substance Abuse. ............................................................................   32 
3.13.  Reinstatement of a State Operator’s Permit. ............................................................   32 
Section 3G—Operator Certification and Administrative Responsibility    32 
3.14.  Operator Certification. .............................................................................................   32 
Section 3H—Vehicle Training Aid Requirements    32 
3.15.  Air Force Qualification Training Packages (AFQTPs). ...........................................   32 
Section 3I—Unit Vehicle Training and Vehicle Control Official (VCO) Responsibilities    34 
3.16.  Policy. ......................................................................................................................   34 
3.17.  TDY Vehicle Training and Qualifications. ..............................................................   35 

AFMAN24-306  30 JULY 2020  5 
Chapter 4—BASIC OPERATING PROCEDURES AND MANEUVERS    36 
Section 4A—General Information    36 
4.1.  Objective. .................................................................................................................   36 
4.2.  Basic Responsibilities. .............................................................................................   36 
Section 4B—Basic Unit/VCO Responsibilities    36 
4.3.  Unit/VCO Responsibilities. .....................................................................................   36 
4.4.  Toll Tickets/Transponders. ......................................................................................   37 
Section 4C—Operator of Air Force GMVs Health and Well-Being    37 
4.5.  Operator Health and Well-Being. ............................................................................   37 
Section 4D—Manual and Semi-automatic Transmissions Operation    37 
4.6.  Starting. ....................................................................................................................   37 
4.7.  General Information. ................................................................................................   37 
4.8.  Clutch Operation. .....................................................................................................   37 
4.9.  Manual Shifting Purpose. ........................................................................................   38 
4.10.  Clutch Shifting Procedure. .......................................................................................   38 
4.11.  Double-Clutch Shifting Procedure. ..........................................................................   39 
4.12.  Spark Ignition Engine Braking Operation. ..............................................................   39 
Section 4E—Backing    40 
4.13.  Backing. ...................................................................................................................   40 
Section 4F—Spotter Safety    40 
4.14.  Spotter Safety. ..........................................................................................................   40 
4.15.  Air Force Standard Spotting Hand and Arm Signals. ..............................................   41 
Figure  4.1.  Standard Spotting Hand and Arm Signals – Come Towards the Spotter. ...............   42 
Figure  4.2.  Standard Spotting Hand and Arm Signals – Move Away from the Spotter. ...........   42 
Figure  4.3.  Standard Spotting Hand and Arm Signals. ..............................................................   43 
Figure  4.4.  Standard Spotting Hand and Arm Signals. ..............................................................   43 
Figure  4.5.  Standard Spotting Hand and Arm Signals – Slow Down. .......................................   44 
Figure  4.6.  Standard Spotting Hand and Arm Signals – Stop. ...................................................   44 
Figure  4.7.  Standard Spotting Hand and Arm Signals – Shut Down. ........................................   45 

6  AFMAN24-306  30 JULY 2020 
Section 4G—Parking    45 
4.16.  General. ....................................................................................................................   45 
Figure  4.8.  Parking Parallel to a Curb. .......................................................................................   47 
4.17.  Diagonal or Angle Parking. .....................................................................................   47 
Figure  4.9.  Parking on a Hill. .....................................................................................................   48 
Chapter 5—PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTING PERSONNEL    49 
Section 5A—General Information and Procedures    49 
5.1.  General Information. ................................................................................................   49 
5.2.  General Procedures. .................................................................................................   49 
Section 5B—Special Situations    49 
5.3.  Distinguished Visitors (DVs). ..................................................................................   49 
5.4.  Emergency Vehicles. ...............................................................................................   50 
Chapter 6—MAINTAINING SAFE VEHICLES    51 
Section 6A—General Maintenance Responsibilities    51 
6.1.  General Information. ................................................................................................   51 
6.2.  Fuel-Efficient Operations.........................................................................................   51 
6.3.  DOD Fleet Card Program. .......................................................................................   51 
6.4.  Use Overview. .........................................................................................................   51 
Section 6B—Armored Vehicle and Preventative Maintenance    52 
6.5.  Armored Vehicle Maintenance. ...............................................................................   52 
Section 6C—Operation Inspections    52 
6.6.  Overview Operation Inspections. .............................................................................   52 
Section 6D—Air Force Equipment and Maintenance Forms and Records    52 
6.7.  Air Force Equipment and Maintenance Forms and Records. ..................................   52 
6.8.  Defects. ....................................................................................................................   52 
Chapter 7—HAZARDS AND SAFETY INFORMATION    54 
Section 7A—General Hazards and Safety Information    54 
7.1.  General. ....................................................................................................................   54 

AFMAN24-306  30 JULY 2020  7 
Section 7B—Hazards and Safety Measures    54 
2.  Vehicle Hazards. ......................................................................................................   54 
3.  Pedestrians. ..............................................................................................................   54 
4.  Bicyclists. .................................................................................................................   55 
5.  Motorcyclists. ..........................................................................................................   55 
6.  Animals. ...................................................................................................................   55 
7.  School Buses. ...........................................................................................................   55 
Figure  7.1.  Stopping for a School Bus. ......................................................................................   56 
8.  Emergency Vehicles. ...............................................................................................   56 
9.  Weather Hazards. .....................................................................................................   56 
10.  Secondary Roads. .....................................................................................................   61 
11.  Overloading and Overcrowding. ..............................................................................   61 
Section 7C—Off-Road Driving    62 
12.  General Information. ................................................................................................   62 
13.  Off-Road Driving Terrain Types. ............................................................................   62 
14.  Vehicle Care. ...........................................................................................................   66 
Chapter 8—ROADSIDE EMERGENCY AND ACCIDENT RESPONSE    67 
Section 8A—General Information    67 
1.  General Information. ................................................................................................   67 
Section 8B—Roadside Emergencies    67 
2.  Tire Blowouts. .........................................................................................................   67 
3.  Skids. .......................................................................................................................   67 
Figure  8.1.  Recovering from a Skid. ..........................................................................................   68 
4.  Running Off the Pavement. .....................................................................................   68 
5.  Brake Failure. ...........................................................................................................   69 
6.  Breakdowns. ............................................................................................................   69 
Section 8C—Vehicle Fires    69 
7.  Preventing Vehicle Fires. .........................................................................................   69 
8.  Fighting Vehicle Fires. ............................................................................................   70 

8  AFMAN24-306  30 JULY 2020 
Section 8D—Roadside Tool Kits    71 
8.9.  Spare Tire and Tool Kit. ..........................................................................................   71 
8.10.  Highway Warning Kit. .............................................................................................   71 
Figure  8.2.  Use of Highway Warning Kits. ................................................................................   72 
8.11.  Use of Highway Warning Kit. .................................................................................   72 
Section 8E—Off-Base Repair Service    73 
8.12.  Off-Base Repair Service. .........................................................................................   73 
Section 8F—Accident Response    73 
8.13.  Initial Accident Response Procedures. ....................................................................   73 
8.14.  Precautions Against Further Accidents. ...................................................................   74 
8.15.  Removal of Vehicle From Accident Scene. .............................................................   74 
Section 8G—Preparation of Accident Forms    75 
8.16.  Preparation of Accident Forms. ...............................................................................   75 
Figure  8.3.  DD Form 518. ..........................................................................................................   75 
Figure  8.4.  Sample Form of SF 91 (Page 1). ..............................................................................   77 
Figure  8.5.  Sample Form of SF 91 (Page 2). ..............................................................................   78 
Figure  8.6.  SF Form 91 (Page 3). ...............................................................................................   79 
Figure  8.7.  SF Form 91 (Page 4). ...............................................................................................   80 
Figure  8.8.  SF Form 94. .............................................................................................................   81 
Chapter 9—LOADING AND TIE-DOWN PROCEDURES    82 
Section 9A—Loading and Tie-down Procedures General Information    82 
9.1.  General Information. ................................................................................................   82 
Section 9B—Cargo Responsibility and Distribution    82 
9.2.  Responsibility for Cargo. .........................................................................................   82 
9.3.  Distribution of Cargo. ..............................................................................................   83 
Figure  9.1.  Load Distribution. ....................................................................................................   84 
Figure  9.2.  Load Distribution (Continued). ................................................................................   85 
Figure  9.3.  Load Distribution (continued). .................................................................................   85 
9.4.  Loading and Tie-down Safety. .................................................................................   85 

AFMAN24-306  30 JULY 2020  9 
9.5.  Vehicle Safety Standards. ........................................................................................   86 
9.6.  Types of Loads. ........................................................................................................   86 
9.7.  Special Loads. ..........................................................................................................   87 
9.8.  Load Compatibility. .................................................................................................   87 
9.9.  Load Configuration. .................................................................................................   87 
9.10.  Perishable Cargo. .....................................................................................................   88 
9.11.  Types of Tie-down Devices. ....................................................................................   88 
9.12.  Load binders. ...........................................................................................................   89 
9.13.  Chains. .....................................................................................................................   89 
Table  9.1.  Chain Characteristics. ..............................................................................................   90 
Figure  9.4.  Types of Load binders. ............................................................................................   90 
9.14.  Wire Rope. ...............................................................................................................   90 
Figure  9.5.  Wire Rope. ...............................................................................................................   91 
9.15.  U-Bolts (Clamps). ....................................................................................................   91 
Figure  9.6.  U-Clamps. ................................................................................................................   91 
Table  9.2.  Wire Rope Characteristics. ......................................................................................   92 
9.16.  Turnbuckles. ............................................................................................................   92 
Figure  9.7.  Turnbuckle Types. ...................................................................................................   92 
9.17.  Chain-Hoist and Cable Grippers. .............................................................................   93 
9.18.  Web-Style Ratchet and Strap Assemblies. ...............................................................   93 
Figure  9.8.  Cable Grippers and Chain Hoist. .............................................................................   93 
Figure  9.9.  Web-Style Strap and Ratchet Assemblies. ...............................................................   93 
Figure  9.10.  Strap-Secured Load. .................................................................................................   94 
Figure  9.11.  Strap or Banded Load. .............................................................................................   94 
9.19.  Steel Banding. ..........................................................................................................   95 
Figure  9.12.  Crimp Type Joints. ...................................................................................................   95 
Figure  9.13.  Load  Secured by Steel Banding. .............................................................................   96 
9.20.  Inspection of the Load. ............................................................................................   96 
9.21.  Inspection of Tie-down Equipment. ........................................................................   97 

10  AFMAN24-306  30 JULY 2020 
Table  9.3.  Load binder Inspection Criteria. ..............................................................................   97 
9.22.  Transferring the Load. .............................................................................................   98 
9.23.  Blocking and Bracing. .............................................................................................   99 
Figure  9.14.  Bracing a Load of Barrels. .......................................................................................   99 
Figure  9.15.  Load Arrangement of Ammunition. ........................................................................   100 
9.24.  General Rules for Blocking and Bracing. ................................................................   100 
9.25.  Securing the Load. ...................................................................................................   100 
9.26.  Using Web Straps. ...................................................................................................   101 
9.27.  Chains and Load binders. .........................................................................................   101 
9.28.  Load Lashing. ..........................................................................................................   101 
Figure  9.16.  Load Lashing. ..........................................................................................................   102 
Chapter 10—DANGEROUS/HAZARDOUS CARGO AND MATERIALS    103 
Section 10A—Transporting Dangerous/Hazardous Cargo    103 
10.1.  General Information. ................................................................................................   103 
10.2.  Necessary Forms. .....................................................................................................   103 
Section 10B—General Safety Measures    103 
10.3.  General Safety Measures. ........................................................................................   103 
Section 10C—Rules for Transporting Dangerous/Hazardous Cargo    104 
10.4.  Rules for Transporting Dangerous/Hazardous Cargo. .............................................   104 
Figure  10.1.  DD Form 2890 (Page 1). ..........................................................................................   106 
Figure  10.2.  DD Form 2890 (Page 2). ..........................................................................................   107 
Figure  10.3.  DD Form 626 (Page 1). ............................................................................................   108 
Figure  10.4.  DD Form 626 (Page 2). ............................................................................................   109 
Figure  10.5.  DD Form 626 (Page 3). ............................................................................................   110 
Figure  10.6.  Placarding a Vehicle. ...............................................................................................   111 
10.5.  HAZMAT Routes. ...................................................................................................   111 
10.6.  Operator Responsibilities. ........................................................................................   111 
Section 10D—Load Custody    111 
10.7.  Load Custody. ..........................................................................................................   111 

AFMAN24-306  30 JULY 2020  11 
10.8.  Parking. ....................................................................................................................   112 
10.9.  Missiles. ...................................................................................................................   112 
10.10.  Ammunition and Explosives. ...................................................................................   112 
10.11.  Chemical Agents. .....................................................................................................   113 
Section 10E—Transporting HAZMAT by Highway    113 
10.12.  Transporting HAZMAT by Highway. .....................................................................   113 
Section 10F—Detecting Fuel Leakage Occurring On a Public Highway    114 
10.13.  Detecting Fuel Leakage Occurring On a Public Highway. ......................................   114 
Section 10G—Detecting Fuel Leakage Occurring Off the Road    114 
10.14.  Detecting Fuel Leakage Occurring Off the Road. ...................................................   114 
10.15.  Petroleum Tank Vehicles Safety Procedures. ..........................................................   115 
Chapter 11—VEHICLE RECOVERY OVERVIEW    116 
Section 11A—Vehicle Recovery General Information    116 
11.1.  General Information. ................................................................................................   116 
Section 11B—Recovery Safety    116 
11.2.  Recovery Safety. ......................................................................................................   116 
Section 11C—Common Tools for Recovery    116 
11.3.  Common Tools for Recovery...................................................................................   116 
Section 11D—Spotters for Recovery    117 
11.4.  Spotters for Recovery. .............................................................................................   117 
Section 11E—Towing Vehicles With Bars    117 
11.5.  Towing Statement. ...................................................................................................   117 
11.6.  General Rules for Towing. .......................................................................................   117 
Section 11F—Anchoring Vehicles    118 
11.7.  Anchoring Vehicles. ................................................................................................   118 
Section 11G—Winch Recovery    118 
11.8.  Winch Recovery. .....................................................................................................   118 

AFMAN24-306  30 JULY 2020 
Chapter 12—CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS OVERVIEW    119 
Section 12A—Motor Marches and Convoys General Information    119 
1.  General Information. ................................................................................................   119 
Section 12B—Motor Marches and Convoys Overview    119 
2.  Rate-of-Speed and Interval. .....................................................................................   119 
3.  Vehicle Failures. ......................................................................................................   120 
4.  Vehicle Halts. ...........................................................................................................   120 
5.  Convoy Security. .....................................................................................................   120 
6.  Convoy Control Signals. ..........................................................................................   120 
7.  NATO Convoy Flags and Signals. ...........................................................................   120 
Section 12C—Vehicle Camouflage Operations    121 
8.  Camouflage Operations. ..........................................................................................   121 
9.  Stationary Vehicle Camouflage and Concealment. .................................................   121 
10.  Camouflage Screen System. ....................................................................................   121 
11.  Erecting of Camouflage Screens Over Vehicle. ......................................................   121 
Section 12D—Vehicle Operations Using Night Vision Devices and Operations Under Blackout 
(BO) Conditions    121 
12.  General Information. ................................................................................................   121 
13.  Night Vision Goggles Introduction. .........................................................................   121 
14.  Single Color Vision. ................................................................................................   122 
15.  Color Adaptation. .....................................................................................................   122 
16.  Considerations When Driving With Night Vision Goggles. ....................................   122 
Table  12.1.  NVG Lighting Countermeasures. ............................................................................   124 
17.  Driving Techniques With Night Vision Goggles. ....................................................   125 
18.  Role of the Assistant GMV Operator. ......................................................................   125 
19.  Parking Vehicles. .....................................................................................................   126 
20.  Operations Under Blackout Conditions Without Night Vision Devices. ................   126 
21.  Blackout Marker Lights. ..........................................................................................   126 
Figure  12.1.  Rear BO Marker Lights. ..........................................................................................   127 

AFMAN24-306  30 JULY 2020  13 
Chapter 13—LAND NAVIGATION    128 
Section 13A—Navigation Considerations    128 
13.1.  Navigation Considerations. ......................................................................................   128 
Section 13B—Land Navigation Overview    128 
13.2.  Maps. .......................................................................................................................   128 
13.3.  Military Grid Reference System. .............................................................................   128 
13.4.  Grid Squares. ...........................................................................................................   128 
13.5.  Determining Coordinates. ........................................................................................   128 
Figure  13.1.  Grid Square. .............................................................................................................   129 
Figure  13.2.  Point on a Grid Square. ............................................................................................   130 
Figure  13.3.  Coordinate Scales. ...................................................................................................   130 
Figure  13.4.  Determining Coordinates of a Point Using a Coordinate Scale. ..............................   131 
Figure  13.5.  Locating a Point on a Grid Square. ..........................................................................   132 
Figure  13.6.  Coordinate Scale. .....................................................................................................   132 
Figure  13.7.  Grid Reference Box. ................................................................................................   133 
Figure  13.8.  Strip Map. ................................................................................................................   133 
13.6.  Estimating the Distance. ..........................................................................................   134 
13.7.  Unit Measurements. .................................................................................................   134 
13.8.  Estimating the Time. ................................................................................................   134 
13.9.  Recognizing Military Signs. ....................................................................................   134 
Figure  13.9.  Strip Map Symbols. .................................................................................................   134 
13.10.  Using a Strip Map. ...................................................................................................   135 
Section 13C—Prepare Before Movement    135 
13.11.  Movement Preparation. ............................................................................................   135 
Section 13D—Terrain Association Navigation    135 
13.12.  Terrain Association. .................................................................................................   135 
Figure  13.10.  Primary Route. .........................................................................................................   137 
Section 13E—Electronic Navigation Equipment    137 
13.13.  Precision Lightweight Global Positioning System (GPS) Receiver (PLGR). .........   137 

14  AFMAN24-306  30 JULY 2020 
13.14.  Defense Advanced Global Positioning System (GPS) Receiver (DAGR). .............   137 
Chapter 14—CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, AND NUCLEAR (CBRN) 
OPERATIONS    138 
Section 14A—Operations in CBRN Environment    138 
14.1.  General Information. ................................................................................................   138 
Section 14B—Practices for Operating Vehicle in Contaminated Area    138 
14.2.  Operating a Vehicle in a Contaminated Area. .........................................................   138 
14.3.  Vehicle Operation While Wearing Protective Mask. ...............................................   138 
14.4.  Marker Descriptions. ...............................................................................................   139 
Figure  14.1.  Standard CBRN and Unexploded Ordnance Hazard Markers. ................................   139 
14.5.  Vehicle and Equipment Decontamination. ..............................................................   139 
14.6.  Pre/Post- Attack Preparation. ...................................................................................   141 
Table  14.1.  Mission Criticality Level Codes. .............................................................................   143 
Attachment 1—GLOSSARY OF REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING INFORMATION    145 
 

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 15

Chapter 1

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Section 1A—Introduction

1.1. Introduction. Military and civilian operators of Air Force GMVs must meet specific

qualifications to be certified. (T-0). The term operator denotes a level of competence in the safe

operation as well as an understanding of the vehicle’s capabilities and limitations. This includes

an understanding of current sub-components such as technologically advanced communications,

navigation, intercom systems, on-board material handling cranes, self-recovery winches,

integrated night-vision devices, weapons support systems, onboard electronic diagnostic systems,

and load responsibility.

Section 1B—Roles and Responsibilities

1.2. USAF/A4LR - Headquarters USAF Logistics Readiness Division

1.2.1. Develops policy for effective operation and official use of GMVs.

1.2.2. Liaises between Department of Defense (DoD) and components on operation of

GMVs and official use considerations.

1.3. AFIMSC, NGB and AFRC

1.3.1. AFIMSC, NGB and AFRC will validate and manage enrollment for the Ground

Transportation NCOIC Course by selecting Technical Sergeant selects, Technical Sergeants,

and Master Sergeants with 18 or less years in service when filling seat allocations. (T-1).

NOTE: Ground Transportation personnel meeting the above criteria who recently returned to

the career field from a Developmental Special Duty or are currently serving in a one-deep

positions will be given priority during the selection process.

1.3.2. Identify personnel attending Training, Validation, and Operations Examiner Course.

1.3.3. Air Force Domicile to Duty (DTD) requests will be coordinated through AFIMSC,

NGB or AFRC, as appropriate, prior to submission to AF/A4LR. (T-1). AFIMSC, National

Guard Bureau and Air Force Reserve Command are not the action officer for DTD requests,

but will conduct a Subject Matter Expert (SME) technical assessment of the request and

provide a concur/non-concur recommendation to the decision authority.

1.3.4. Create, review and approve standardized vehicle Qualification Training Packages, as

applicable.

1.4. Installation Commanders and Directors (or equivalent). Ensures the official use of

GMVs and enforces GMV policy in favor of strict compliance with rules outlined in this manual,

AFI 24-301 and DoDM 4500.36, Acquisition, Management, and Use of DoD Non-Tactical

Vehicles to preclude improper use of appropriations. (T-0).

16 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

1.5. Logistics Readiness Squadron Commanders and Directors (or equivalent)

1.5.1. Administer the installation Vehicle Misuse Reporting and Investigation Program in

accordance with (IAW) AFI 24-301, Ground Transportation. (T-1).

1.5.2. Using the parameters in para 1.3.1, identify to AFIMSC/XZTE the members

attending the Ground Transportation NCOIC course.

1.6. Unit Commanders

1.6.1. Appoint Vehicle Control Officials IAW AFI 24-302, Vehicle Management.

1.6.2. Oversee unit’s GMV qualification program to include periodic medical review

requirements for civilian personnel who operate GMVs.

1.6.3. When notified by the Logistics Readiness Squadron (LRS) Commander, investigate

GMV misuse and respond to the LRS Commander’s assessment and identify actions taken to

prevent further occurrences (if appropriate) within 15 calendar days of notification. NOTE:

At AFR installations, if the commander is a Traditional Reservist, replies should be by the

next scheduled Unit Training Assembly.

1.6.4. Be familiar with GMV use restrictions and what constitutes official use.

1.6.5. Restrict use of all GMVs, including those rented or leased, for official purposes only,

i.e., in support of authorized DoD functions, activities, or operations only.

1.6.6. Notify the LRS/Operator Records and Licensing (OR&L) section of all suspension

and reinstatement actions IAW AFI 24-301, Ground Transportation. (T-1).

1.6.7. Ensure unit personnel are briefed annually on Air Force policy regarding official use,

accident reporting procedures, vehicle abuse, vehicle misuse, discrepancy reporting, proper

backing, use of spotters and use of DD Form 518, Accident Identification Card, SF 91, Motor

Vehicle Accident Report, and SF 94, Statement of Witness. (T-1). Briefings should be

documented and tracked by the Vehicle Control Officer or commander in a central location

(Vehicle Control binder, electronic database, individual training record, etc.).

1.6.8. Support the installation Accident and Abuse Program to include reimbursements IAW

AFI 24-302, Vehicle Management.

1.7. LRS - Ground Transportation

1.7.1. Serves as the functional experts on GMV Official Use determinations.

1.7.2. Ensures each unit that utilizes the Online Vehicle Interactive Management System

Dispatch Module (OLVIMS) has a base site code loaded into the module. If there is a

requirement to add a base and or site code to OLVIMS Dispatch Module, a request must be

submitted through AFIMSC, NGB or AFR, and then submitted to the Air Force Program

Executive Office ESC/HGGJV Program Management Office. (T-1).

1.7.3. National Guard Bureau and Air Force Reserve units operating their own LRS or

transportation functions will maintain separate OLVIMS Dispatch Module Site Codes to de-

conflict National Guard Bureau, Air Force Reserve, and Regular Air Force Duty Ground

Transportation manpower and license data collection. (T-1).

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 17

1.8. Vehicle Control Officials

1.8.1. Ensure unit personnel are briefed annually on Air Force policy regarding official use,

accident reporting procedures, vehicle abuse, vehicle misuse, discrepancy reporting, proper

backing, use of spotters and use of DD Form 518, Accident Identification Card, SF 91, Motor

Vehicle Accident Report, and SF 94, Motor Vehicle Accident Statement of Witness. (T-1).

Briefings will be documented and tracked by the unit Vehicle Control Official or commander

in a central location (Vehicle Control Official binder, electronic database, individuals

training record, etc.). (T-1).

1.8.2. Serve as the certifying official on the AF Form 171, Request for Driver Training and

Addition to U.S. Government Driver’s License. (T-1).

1.8.3. Support the installation Accident and Abuse Program to include reimbursements IAW

AFI 24-302, Vehicle Management.

18 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Chapter 2

OFFICIAL USE OF GOVERNMENT MOTOR VEHICLES

Section 2A—Official Use Requirements

2.1. Official Use of GMVs. GMVs are closely controlled because of their easy accessibility,

high visibility and potential for misuse. DoDM 4500.36, implements federal law (e.g., 31 United

States Code (U.S.C) §1344 and 40 U.S.C §601-611) and prescribes the limited use of GMVs to

official governmental purposes. Unauthorized use of GMVs results in unneeded expenditure of

funds and creates public criticism. Commanders, operators of GMVs, and the base populace

must be familiar with GMV use restrictions and what constitutes official use of government

vehicles. (T-0).

2.1.1. Initial and Annual Training Requirement. Annually, the unit Vehicle Control

Official, or commanders with permanently assigned GMVs, will brief their personnel on Air

Force policy IAW para. 1.6.7 This training will be documented and tracked by the unit

Vehicle Control Official or commander in a central location (Vehicle Control Official binder,

electronic database, individuals training record, etc.). (T-1).

2.1.1.1. Operators of Air Force GMVs will operate GMVs for official use only and in

compliance with this manual, federal and state law, as wells as DoD and Air Force

guidance as they apply to the proper, safe, and efficient operation of Air Force GMVs.

(T-0). Unit members are required to contact their unit’s VCO for training prior to initial

operation of a GMV.

2.1.2. Restrict use of all GMVs, including those rented or leased, for official purposes only,

i.e., in support of authorized DoD functions, activities, or operations only. (T-0).

2.1.3. Transportation by a GMV shall not be provided when the justification is based

principally on reasons of rank, position, prestige or personal convenience. (T-0).

2.1.4. When questions arise about the official use of a GMV, they will be resolved in favor

of strict compliance with statutory provisions and AFI 24-301 and DODM 4500.36. (T-0).

Refer requests which appear to conflict with governing directives to the Ground

Transportation Noncommissioned Officer in Charge (NCOIC) for review.

Section 2B—General Use Responsibilities

2.2. General Use Responsibilities.

2.2.1. All personnel responsible for operating GMVs in any capacity and those developing

vehicle-related training plans should remain current with this manual and related installation

policy and or instructions.

2.2.2. Alcoholic beverages will not be consumed in GMVs. (T-0). Operators will not

consume alcohol eight hours prior to duty or prior to operating any GMVs. (T-0). Operators

are ultimately responsible for exercising good judgment by imposing additional time

constraints as needed.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 19

2.2.3. Personal or government-issued hand-held wireless devices (e.g., phones or text

messaging equipment) or any other type of electronic devices will not be used while

operating a GMV. (T-0). Hands-free communication equipment (blue-tooth enabled

vehicles, speakerphones, single-bud earphones, mounted phones, etc.) may be used IAW

applicable state or local laws.

2.2.4. Tobacco or alcohol products will not be used in GMVs. (T-0).

2.2.5. Food will not be consumed while operating a GMV. (T-0).

2.3. Making Official Use Determinations. When guidance does not specifically fit a request

for transportation support, commanders must consider the following prior to approving the use of

a GMV: (T-0).

2.3.1. The purpose of the vehicle use must be essential to the successful completion of a

DoD function, activity, or operation. (T-0).

2.3.2. The purpose of the vehicle use must be consistent with the purpose for which the

GMV was acquired. (T-0).

2.3.3. If provided, GMV transportation used must be the most cost effective method of

satisfying the requirement, consistent with AFI 24-301. (T-0).

2.4. Priority of Transportation Services. When vehicle transportation is essential to the

performance of official business, the following methods shall be considered in the order shown

to the extent they are available and capable of meeting mission requirements: (T-0).

2.4.1. Scheduled DoD bus service.

2.4.2. DoD specially scheduled leased or owned bus service.

2.4.3. Van pools.

2.4.4. GMV centrally dispatched “taxicab” operation. (Example: Operator and vehicle

support requested from Ground Transportation).

2.4.5. GMV individually dispatched to licensed service member or civilian employee.

(Example: Unit assigned vehicle or U-Drive-It from Ground Transportation).

2.5. Vehicle Misuse Reporting. Report all suspected misuses to LRS-Ground Transportation

utilizing the AF Form 870, U.S. Government Motor Vehicle Suspected Misuse Report. Ground

Transportation conducts an initial technical assessment of the incident to determine if regulatory

official use guidance may have been violated. NOTE: AF/A4LR serves as the primary point-of-

contact for misuses or reckless vehicle operation allegations reported to General Services

Administration.

20 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

2.5.1. Ground Transportation collects the information and conducts a technical assessment

for review IAW AFI 24-301. Ground Transportation then forwards the AF Form 870, U.S.

Government Motor Vehicle Suspected Misuse Report to the LRS commander and then who

will forward the documentation onto the appropriate unit commander. Commanders have 15

calendar days to respond to the LRS commander's assessment and identify actions taken to

prevent further occurrences (if appropriate). Unit commander responses should address

requirements identified in paragraph 2.3 NOTE: At Air Force Reserve installations, if the

commander is a Traditional Reservist, replies will be by the next scheduled Unit Training

Assembly.

2.5.2. Ground Transportation maintains a log of reported misuse cases IAW AFI 24-301.

The misuse log with technical assessments and unit responses will be kept on file for three

years (RDS: T24-03R10.00).

2.6. Penalties for Misuse of DoD Motor Vehicles. The negligent or willful misuse of a GMV

may be cause for disciplinary action as described in DoDM 4500.36., Enclosure 5. (T-0). This

includes action against military members for violation of Article 92 of the Uniform Code of

Military Justice.

2.6.1. Misuse, acts or omissions resulting in misuse of GMVs (owned, rented, or leased)

may result in disciplinary action; refer to AFI 90-301, The Inspector General Complaint

Program, for guidance on fraud, waste and abuse.

Section 2C—Authorized Uses of GMVs for Temporary Duty Support

2.7. Temporary Duty. Transportation may be provided between lodgings and duty stations for

personnel on temporary duty when public or commercial resources are inadequate or

nonexistent. The temporary duty status of an individual does not necessarily justify the use of a

GMV or its use for personal convenience. Use of the vehicle will always be predicated on need,

distance involved, and other conditions that justify its use to further the DoD and Air Force

mission. (T-0). When an adequate DoD or commercial bus system is available or can be

provided, the use of any GMV or commercial rental car is prohibited.

Section 2D—Standard Authorized Uses of GMVs for Permanent Party Mission Support

2.8. Permanent Party. Official use by Regular Air Force personnel includes transportation to

or from Air Force scheduled appointments on- or off-base, e.g., Military Personnel Section

records check, dental appointments, commander’s calls (special consideration must be taken to

prevent transportation that circumvent official use rules for purposes of morale or personal

convenience), urinalysis testing and hospital outpatient appointments. (T-1). GMV travel is not

authorized for elective surgery, procedures or treatments where the member would otherwise not

be entitled to government travel. Use transportation priorities specified in paragraph 2.4

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 21

2.8.1. Permanent party personnel conducting official off-base duties are authorized to stop at

off-base eating establishments in the immediate vicinity or direct route of the off-base work

site. Stopping at (on- or off-base) private quarters for any reason or stopping for shopping or

personal convenience purposes is prohibited. The intent is to allow for those personnel

working away from their duty location, for extended periods, the opportunity to obtain meals

without incurring an additional time and fuel cost of returning to the installation. This is not

to be taken as authority to stop as a matter of personal convenience when in transit between

sites, whether on- or off-base.

2.8.2. Personnel conducting official off-base duties are authorized to respond to personal

emergencies that may arise while they are conducting off-base duties in a GMV. Personal

emergencies are defined as notification of a life threatening or serious injury to a dependent,

family member, or substantial damage to personal property, such as a home fire.

2.8.3. Commercial Terminal Transportation. Use of resources to support administrative

activities, for which sufficient public transportation or commercial services exist to fulfill the

need, detracts from direct mission support and should be avoided. Use of GMVs for travel to

transportation terminal are location and/or instance specific. Contact the servicing Ground

Transportation office and refer to AFI 24-301, and DODM 4500.36, Enclosure 5 for more

information.

2.8.3.1. National Capitol Region. Terminal transportation is not authorized in the

National Capital Region and Pentagon Area IAW DoD Administrative Instruction 109

unless necessary because of emergency situations, to meet security requirements or

unusual circumstances. Approval authority for services provided under this exemption is

Air Force District of Washington (AFDW)/A4. All requests must contain a detailed

explanation of why the exemption is required under one of the above noted clauses.

2.8.4. Mortuary Affairs. GMV support may be authorized IAW AFI 34-501, Mortuary

Affairs Program.

2.9. Event Participation.

2.9.1. Public Ceremonies. The use of GMVs may be authorized for military and civilian

personnel officially participating in public ceremonies, military field demonstrations, and

parades directly related to official activities. “Official participation” are activities similar to

and including: serving as a presiding officer, host, chaplain, master of ceremonies, guest

speaker or a proffer. Merely attending does not constitute “officially participating” even if

the public ceremony has been established as an alternate duty location.

2.9.2. General shuttle support from one official location to another official location may be

used as a mitigation measure IAW a vulnerability assessments IAW DoDI O-2000.16V1,

DoD Antiterrorism Program Implementation.

2.9.3. The use of GMVs is authorized to transport immediate family members (i.e., spouse,

children, and parents) of the sponsor in situations involving a sponsor’s death. The LRS

Commander is the approval authority. (T-0).

22 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Section 2E—Special Authorized Uses of GMVs for Permanent Party Mission Support

2.10. Mission-Specific Authorizations. Certain mission-specific allowances are authorized if

incident to the performance of duty. Units will submit requests and justification to Ground

Transportation for SME review/recommendation. (T-1). The consolidated package with the

LRS Commander’s recommendations will be coordinated thru the Office of the Staff Judge

Advocate and then onto the Installation Commander for review and final determination. (T-1).

Approval determinations will be provided to each requesting unit commander. (T-1). Mission-

specific authorizations will not be extended to activities other than those listed in this section.

2.10.1. Emergency Response Forces. Travel to on base eating establishments and base

gymnasium by Emergency Response Forces when on alert status is approved. This approval

includes the use of Military Dining Facilities and NAF/AAFES/ Defense Commissary

Agency operated eating establishments to include commissary and shoppette. The intent is to

allow personnel to remain on duty and maintain the ability for immediate response while

securing meals for health and sustenance. Leadership within units authorized to travel to on-

base eating establishment must ensure personnel do not abuse or cause negative public

perception by frequenting establishments for reasons other than obtaining meals. (T-1).

Personnel are prohibited from using GMVs for travel to and from their private quarters under

this provision.

2.10.2. Bulk Meals/Flight Kitchens. Unit commanders may approve use of GMVs for the

purposes of securing carry-out meals in bulk from on-base military dining facilities or flight

kitchens. Examples include: Aircrew, Passenger Terminal, and Mobility and/or Contingency

Support. Do not grant any of the above authorities for the personal convenience of personnel.

Bulk Meals/Flight Kitchen support will be approve in accordance with the above mission

specific authorization guidance. (T-1).

2.10.3. Unless specifically authorized in another section of this instruction, Air Force GMVs

will not be used to transport personnel or equipment to or from base housing areas or other

private quarters located either on or off the installation. (T-0).

2.10.4. Mission-specific authorizations will not be extended to activities other than those

listed in paragraph 2.10.1 (T-0).

2.11. MAJCOM, Numbered Air Force, and Installation Commanders. When a permanently

assigned vehicle is authorized, Installation, Numbered Air Force, and MAJCOM commanders

may use that GMV for on-base travel to locations and tasks related to personal health and

sustenance (except member’s residence). This authorization accommodates the commander's

responsibility to ensure an immediate response capability and to facilitate travel to meet official

responsibilities. Permanent party official use rules (paragraph 2.8) apply for off-base travel and

stops. All other official use constraints as described in this chapter, including the provisions on

dependent and family member travel, apply.

2.11.1. This authorization shall not be interpreted as authority to use the GMV for stops at

their residence or other domicile-to-duty transportation. (T-0).

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 23

2.12. Operations Group Commanders (OG/CCs). When a telecommunications-equipped,

permanently assigned GMV is authorized, OG/CCs may drive that GMV to on-base eating

establishments (Military Dining Facilities and Non-appropriated Funds/AAFES/ Defense

Commissary Agency operated eating establishments to include commissary and shoppette) while

performing their duties in connection with official business. The intent of the policy is to allow

OG/CCs to use the assigned GMV for these activities while maintaining access to mounted

telecommunications equipment. This shall not to be interpreted as authority to use the GMV for

stops at their residence or other domicile-to-duty transportation. (T-0).

2.13. Domicile to Duty (DTD). Transport of individuals in GMVs from their domicile to place

of employment or home-to-work is not transportation for official purposes, except as specifically

identified or approved in accordance with DoDM 4500.36.

2.13.1. Air Force DTD requests will be coordinated through AFIMSC, National Guard

Bureau or Air Force Reserve Command for technical assessment and recommendation prior

to submission to AF/A4L. (T-1)

Section 2F—Dependent and Pet or Service Animal Transportation Support

2.14. General Dependent Transportation Support. Transportation of family members is the

responsibility of the sponsor. Spouses are not considered representatives of the United States,

DoD, or Air Force, except when traveling on an approved invitation travel authorization (see

paragraph 2.15).

2.14.1. A military dependent may accompany their military or civilian employee sponsor

when the GMV is being used to accomplish official business, the military or civilian sponsor

will participate in an official capacity for the function and there is space available.

2.14.1.1. On a space available basis, accompanying the military member or civilian

personnel in the GMV to meet the Air Force member’s dependent at the event for which

the use of the vehicle has already been authorized to accomplish the official business.

Transportation will be provided at no additional cost to the government. (T-0). The

vehicle must be no larger than required for the official business. (T-0). Such

transportation will be included in annual accounting and reporting of domicile-to-duty

transportation for the Air Force member spouse.

2.14.1.2. On a space available basis, dependents may use publicized, regularly scheduled

shuttle buses or mass transportation services. Space available basis may not be utilized to

circumvent travel to support events such as: breakfasts, luncheons, dinners, icebreakers,

socials, holiday parties, fini-flights and homecomings etc. The events listed in this

paragraph are examples and do not constitute an all-inclusive list.

2.14.1.3. Dependents of personnel who are authorized by DoD to receive domicile-to-

duty transportation may proceed independently to or from an official function in a GMV

when the dependent's presence at the function is in the best interest of the government.

2.15. Invitational Travel Authorization Special Dependent Transportation Support.

2.15.1. Spouses on official ITA orders are authorized ground transportation in direct support

of the invitation only, e.g., travel to and from transportation terminal, billets, and event

site(s). Contact LRS-Ground Transportation for more information.

24 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

2.16. Pet and Service Animal Transportation Support.

2.16.1. The use of GMVs for the transportation of family pets is authorized for Permanent

Change of Station (PCS) (i.e., only PCS moves at austere locations where public or private

transportation is not available), execution of Installation Emergency Management Plan, Non-

Combatant Evacuation Operation, SAFEHAVEN, etc. The pet must always be under the

control of the owner, either leashed or caged, in order to ensure the safety of the operator and

passengers. (T-1). Owners will be held responsible for the behavior of their pets and any

costs associated to damage caused by the pet. (T-1).

2.16.2. Service animals are authorized to accompany the individual requiring support in

GMVs. The service animal must always be under the control of the owner, either leashed,

harnessed or caged, to ensure the safety of the operator and passengers. (T-1). Owners will

be held responsible for the behavior of their service animal and any cost associated to

damage caused by the animal. (T-1). Failure to do so will result in the immediate

termination of support. (T-1).

Section 2G—DoD Agency Transportation Support (non-inclusive)

2.17. Civil Air Patrol Support. Civil Air Patrol is authorized Air Force transportation support

when performing Air Force assigned missions as a volunteer civilian auxiliary of the Air Force

IAW AFI 10-2701, Organization and Function of the Civil Air Patrol. Air Force Installation

Commanders may provide government transportation and equipment to Civil Air Patrol units on

a temporary basis. When providing transportation or equipment to Civil Air Patrol units, the

Installation Commander must also provide a sufficient number of qualified personnel to operate

the vehicles or equipment. (T-1). If requested by Civil Air Patrol, the Air Force may provide

licensed and qualified operators for Civil Air Patrol ground transportation support. Civil Air

Patrol members are not authorized to drive GMVs. (T-1). Refer to AFI 10-2701 for questions

regarding authorized Civil Air Patrol support.

Section 2H—General Unauthorized uses of Air Force Vehicles (Note: This is not an exclusive

list)

2.18. Miscellaneous Event Support. Breakfasts, luncheons, dinners, icebreakers, socials,

holiday parties, fini-flights, picnics, wing/unit booster clubs, other private organizations, fridge

funds, fundraisers or activities resulting in fundraising, TOP 3 or 4, company grade officers or

enlisted councils, Air Force Balls and similar events, shopping, sightseeing, clubs or functions

on- or off-base are not official. As such, they are not authorized for GMV support. The events

listed in this paragraph are examples and do not constitute an all-inclusive list.

2.19. Personal or Social Engagements. Members and their dependents will not use GMV

transportation for personal social engagements or personal business. (T-0). Members and their

dependents may use publicized, regularly scheduled transportation services on a space-available

basis. Larger vehicles will not be provided to accommodate space-available passengers. (T-0).

2.20. Household Goods Movement. Do not use GMVs for personal or government-directed

household goods moves. (T-0).

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 25

2.20.1. Members are not authorized GMV support for moves related to dormitory renovation

or commander-directed relocations. Members facing such moves are authorized to receive

all appropriate personal property shipping entitlements. Refer requests for household goods

moves to LRS-Personal Property Element. (T-0).

2.21. GMV Parking Locations. Unless incident to the performance of official duty, do not use

or park GMVs at commissaries, base exchanges (including concessions), bowling centers, officer

and enlisted clubs, gymnasiums or any Non-appropriated Fund activity (i.e., golf courses, rod &

gun clubs) unless authorized as set forth in Chapter 2.

2.22. Permissive TDY Status. Members traveling in Permissive Temporary Duty status are not

authorized dedicated appropriated funded GMV transportation support. Permissive Temporary

Duty status is authorized at no cost to the government. Members in this duty status may use

publicized, regularly scheduled transportation services (e.g., shuttle buses, airport transportation

service) on a space-available basis. Do not provide a larger vehicle to accommodate space-

available passengers. (T-0).

26 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Chapter 3

LICENSING AND TRAINING

Section 3A—Operator Records and Licensing (OR&L) General Information and

Administration

3.1. Policy. Air Force GMVs shall only be operated by military personnel, civilian employees,

approved civilian contractors and Non-appropriated Fund employees who meet all criteria of this

manual and criteria found in AFI 24-301. (T-0). All personnel operating a GMV will be

licensed IAW AFI 24-301 and this manual. Ground Transportation Leadership is the installation

authentication officials.

3.1.1. United States Air Force Academy cadets are authorized to operate Air Force vehicles.

3.1.2. Reserve Officer Training Candidate (ROTC) cadets under an enlistment contract and

issued a military identification card are considered active duty military and are authorized to

operate Air Force GMVs IAW AFI 24-301, Ground Transportation.

3.1.3. Military or government civilians assigned to, or detailed to provide support to, Civil

Air Patrol may operate GMVs.

3.1.4. Junior Reserve Officer Training Candidate (JROTC) instructors are employees of their

local school districts and not the Air Force. Therefore, they are not authorized to operate

GMVs. (T-1).

3.1.5. Foreign military personnel may operate Air Force vehicles when on official orders

performing temporary duty or deployed to an Air Force installation. The individual must

present an international license and/or applicable military license issued by their military

service. (T-0). Before operating any Air Force vehicle, the vehicle operator must

demonstrate proficiency and be briefed by the sponsoring unit on official use policies,

accident reporting, vehicle abuse and operator care responsibilities. (T-1). Additionally,

members must receive Local Conditions Course IAW AFI 91-207, The U.S. Air Force

Traffic Safety Program, if in Temporary Duty status more than 30 days. (T-1). Permanently

assigned foreign military personnel may operate Air Force vehicles provided such support is

approved by the Installation Commander, often by Memorandum of Understanding or

Memorandum of Agreement and are in compliance with other licensing requirements in this

chapter. (T-1).

3.2. OR&L Office. This office is responsible for licensing and maintaining motor vehicle

operator records for those military and civilian personnel authorized to operate Air Force owned,

rented or leased motor vehicles requiring additional training and certification.

3.3. Driver Records. The OR&L staff maintains active records (AF Form 2296, Operator

Qualification Record) for all authorized operators requiring additional licensing assigned to the

installation. Operator records will be retained in the Online Vehicle Interactive Management

System (OLVIMS) Dispatch Module. (T-1).

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 27

3.3.1. When personnel transfer from one unit or installation to another, their driver record

must be updated by the gaining unit’s servicing Operator Records and Licensing (OR&L)

office prior to operating a GMV at their new unit/installation. (T-1).

3.3.2. Vehicle Control Officials coordinate with assigned personnel and the OR&L office for

renewal and/or out-processing of personnel with expired licenses, as appropriate.

3.4. Military and Civilian Employee Licensing. Operation of Air Force GMVs requires

possession of a valid Department of Defense issued Common Access Card and valid state motor

vehicle operator’s license.

3.4.1. Operation of non-tactical Air Force GMVs where the gross vehicle weight rating

(GVWR) is less than 26,000 pounds, designed to transport 8 passengers or less and does not

have a standardized AFQTP, requires a valid state motor vehicle operator’s license and a

valid DoD issued Common Access Card. No further licensing is required.

3.4.2. Operation of all other Air Force GMVs (to include tactical vehicles and material

handling equipment) requires additional training, certification, and licensing.

3.4.3. Completion of additional training and certification will be documented on the AF

Form 2293. (T-1). Operation of GMVs is limited to those vehicles identified on the AF

Form 2293 and those that can be operated with only a state motor vehicle operator’s license.

3.4.4. International drivers’ licenses cannot be used in lieu of the AF Form 2293, U.S. Air

Force Motor Vehicle Operator Identification Card. The Air Force will honor validated sister

service licenses such as the Optional Form (OF) 346, U.S. Government Motor Vehicle

Operator’s Identification Card. (T-1).

3.4.5. Special Licensing considerations. Due to mission and type, specific vehicles have

been given a special licensing consideration. Vehicle training and certifications for those

vehicles designated in paragraph 3.4.5.1 will be documented in personnel records. (T-0).

The owning unit must ensure proper training to include lesson plan development/use and/or

special certifications are maintained as required for the applicable vehicle(s). (T-1).

3.4.5.1. Water vessels do not require licensing on the AF Form 2293.

3.4.6. Remote processing. OR&L may have remote processing available for licensing

actions. VCOs should contact the servicing OR&L office for more information.

3.4.7. When operation of a GMV requiring an AF Form 2293 is needed, the unit VCO

checks the individual’s state motor vehicle operator’s license for medical or physical

restrictions and notes them on the AF Form 171, if applicable. Any restrictions are annotated

on the AF Form 2296 and printed on the AF Form 2293. Unit commanders are the

authorized signatory for AF Form 171 for units without a VCO program. This authority may

be delegated by identifying an authorized alternate in writing to the OR&L office. This

designation will be locally administered. (T-1).

28 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

3.4.7.1. Personnel who receive training and a signed AF Form 171, Request for Driver’s

Training and Addition to U.S. Government Driver’s License, on GMVs while deployed

or TDY are authorized to have their AF Form 2293 and AF Form 2296 annotated to

reflect training for that vehicle(s). Current unit commander’s or VCO’s signature on the

AF Form 171 will be sufficient certification. (T-1). Additional certification by the TVO

section IAW this manual and AFI 24-301 is still required on applicable GMVs prior to

licensing.

3.4.7.1.1. The member presents the AF Form 171 to the OR&L staff who establishes

or updates an AF Form 2296 and issues AF Form 2293 to the member. The AF Form

171 is returned to the unit VCO for filing purposes. VCOs will electronically file

returned AF Form 171 for a minimum of six months (See RDS: T24-03R10.00; Note

214). (T-1).

3.4.7.1.2. Issuance of an AF Form 2293 to personnel requires possession of a valid

state motor vehicle operator’s license issued in any of the 50 United States, the

District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, or a similar licensing jurisdiction for operation of

GMVs. Personnel must obtain an AF Form 2293 to operate any Air Force GMV

requiring additional training and/or certification. (T-1).

3.4.7.1.3. For the transfer of all existing qualifications, VCOs will annotate

“REVIEW OF QUALIFICATIONS COMPLETED, TRANSFER ALL

QUALIFICATIONS” in Block 13 of the AF Form 171. (T-1). Only the unit

commander or VCO can authorize a partial transfer of qualifications. Each vehicle

management code for transfer will be listed separately on the AF Form 171. (T-1).

3.4.7.1.4. Duplicate AF Form 2293. A duplicate AF Form 2293 may be issued to

replace an AF Form 2293 misplaced, damaged, or stolen. A verification of the

individual’s AF Form 2296 and Security Forces base driving privilege revocation list

is required to issue a duplicate license without re-certification.

3.4.8. Powered forklift trucks and Materiel Handling Equipment (MHE) certification is

required initially and every three years thereafter IAW Occupational Safety and Health

Administration (OSHA) 29 CFR 1910.178, Powered Industrial Trucks. Recertification

requirement applies to all operators, regardless of military or civilian employment. A trainer

will conduct the recertification training and administer a performance test IAW the vehicle

qualification training package. (T-0). OSHA specific information can be found at

http://www.osha.gov.

3.4.8.1. In addition to initial training and certification, a qualified instructor will evaluate

each operator at least once every three years and provide refresher training in relevant

topics anytime there is reason to believe there is a need. (T-0). The evaluation shall

include, but not be limited to, changes in types of equipment in use, change in operating

environment, direct observation of performance, reportable mishaps, and reports of near-

misses, complaints regarding an operator’s bad driving habits, physical fitness and other

indications that an operator is not capable of safely performing assigned duties. (T-0). A

record of each operator’s evaluation will be kept on file for review. (T-0). OSHA

recertification will be annotated in the operator’s training record or in Training Business

Area, when available.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 29

3.4.9. Powered Industrial Truck Operation Training Standard. AFMAN 91-203, Air

Force Consolidated Occupational Safety Instruction, provides a list of mandatory training

requirements.

3.4.10. Removal of qualifications from AF Form 2293. Qualifications will only be

removed upon request of the unit VCO or commander or in the case of expiration, such as

MHE training and certification. (T-1). Lack of a GMV type assigned at current duty

location will not be the sole basis of removal. (T-1).

Section 3B—Licensing for Military Personnel

3.5. Military Personnel.

3.5.1. When military personnel transfer from Regular Air Force to active reserve status, the

AF Form 2293 remains valid.

3.5.2. Basic Military Training School or Technical Training School students whose valid

state issued motor vehicle operator’s license expires during training, may be issued a

temporary AF Form 2293 for a period not to exceed 45 days. A technical training instructor

conducts vehicle training on government property. A temporary license will not be issued to

a student with a suspended or revoked state or commercial license. (T-1). Ensure the

expiration date of the temporary permit is entered in the AF Form 2296.

3.5.2.1. Technical Training School students receiving training on GMVs as part of

technical training course requirements will be issued an AF Form 171 while in training

status and will have it with them while conducting vehicle training. (T-1). An AF Form

171 issued during technical training will not be used as authorization to issue an AF Form

2293 upon arrival at their permanent duty station. (T-1). Students must receive

additional training and certification once arriving at their permanent duty station. (T-1).

3.5.3. Span of Control. Trainees may operate vehicles in a controlled environment (ranges

or obstacle courses not open for public use) without an instructor inside the vehicle. The

trainer or instructor must be present in the immediate area and maintain communication with

student operator at all times. (T-1).

Section 3C—Licensing for Non-US Citizens

3.6. Qualifying a Non-US Citizen. Unit instructors must prepare bilingual, written or verbal

tests to cover foreign country driving laws and regulations for non-US citizens employed by the

Air Force. (T-1). Treaties, arrangements, Status of Forces Agreements and laws of host

countries apply.

Section 3D—Commercial Drivers License Requirements

30 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

3.7. Commercial Drivers License (CDL).

3.7.1. Federal civilian employees who operate commercial-equivalent vehicles (bus, tractor-

trailer, tanker etc.), but never on a public road, while participating in field exercises, combat,

or tactical situations do not require a CDL. NOTE: Military facilities are open to public

travel and therefore CDL requirements apply to federal civilians who operate a CMV in

interstate, foreign or intrastate commerce. Driving a CMV on a road, street or way which is

open to public travel, even though privately-owned or subject to military control, is prima

facie evidence of operation in commerce.

3.7.2. The use of GMVs by federal civilian employees for CDL qualification and re-

qualification may be authorized by the LRS commander. This authority will only be used

when such transportation is clearly in the interest of the Air Force. (T-1). This authority is

not to be used to satisfy an initial employment prerequisite. Intent is to allow currently

employed civilians to upgrade current CDL (i.e., Class B to Class A). Federal civilian

employees may purchase subsequent renewals at their own expense. (T-1).

3.7.3. Federal civilian employee vehicle operators who possess a CDL and applicable

endorsements for a specific class of vehicle must possess an AF Form 2293, but are not

required to meet remaining certification requirements in this section for those same classes of

vehicles. (T-1). NOTE: Employees must be familiar with vehicle Air Force Qualification

Training Packages (AFQTPs) prior to issuance of AF Form 2293. The VCO will verify that

the civilian qualifications/endorsements on the CDL match the respective Air Force

management code(s). (T-1). Employees exempted from obtaining a CDL under this

provision will comply with the licensing and qualification requirements outlined in this

chapter. (T-1).

3.8. Military Exemption.

3.8.1. All Regular Air Force military vehicle operators were waived from the CDL

requirements by the Federal Highway Administrator. However, military GMV training,

qualification and certification will remain equivalent to civilian counterparts. (T-0).

3.8.2. The use of GMVs by military personnel to obtain a CDL to enhance proficiency of an

assigned duty may be authorized by the LRS Commander. The commander may fund CDLs

and obtain any subsequent renewals at the squadron’s expense.

Section 3E—Licensing for Federal Civilian Employees, Contractor Personnel, and Federal

Prison Camp Inmates

3.9. Licensing Federal Civilian Employees. Civilian employees are required to undergo

medical fitness assessments every four years IAW 5 CFR, Part 930, Subpart A and 49 CFR

Subparts 391.41 through 391.49. to operate a GMV. The OF 345, Physical Fitness Inquiry for

Motor Vehicle Operators, will be used to review and certify a civilian employee’s medical

qualification. (T-0). The OF 345 is not Protected Health Information but does contain Privacy

Act information and must be filed IAW Privacy Act of 1974 requirement and local file plans

updated to indicate Personally Identifiable Information. (T-0).

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 31

3.9.1. When a civilian employee self-discloses a medical condition by an affirmative

response to OF 345, Section 6, the commander will automatically refer the civilian

employees to the appropriate medical authorities for further evaluation to determine if they

are physically or mentally qualified to operate GMVs. (T-0).

3.9.2. Civilian employees with medical restrictions that would limit their ability to operate

GMVs or equipment are responsible for reporting these restrictions and must notify their

commander or VCO as soon as they are known. (T-0).

3.9.3. Civilian employees may still be qualified to drive if, in the opinion of the medical

authorities, identified condition(s) may be corrected or compensated for with counseling or

other corrective measures prior to licensing. These provisions will not be used to disqualify

civilian operators who meet the standards for civilian motor vehicle operators and incidental

operators listed in the 5 CFR, Part 930. (T-0).

3.9.4. OF 345 review and maintenance is a unit responsibility. Commanders or VCOs will

keep a record or documentation of whose OF 345 was reviewed, when it was reviewed and

results of the review. (T-1). Questions regarding the OF 345 or applicable Office of

Personnel Management (OPM) guidance (5 CFR) should be referred to the servicing civilian

personnel office. Destroy six months after separation of employee. (See RDS: T24-

03R10.00). (T-0).

3.9.5. Although base maintenance, construction and materiel handling vehicles are excluded

from the OPM motor vehicle definition and operator requirements, civilian operators of these

vehicles will comply with licensing requirements in this chapter. (T-0).

3.10. Licensing Contractor Personnel. Contracts and agreements will require that operators

comply with licensing requirements of the state and local motor vehicle laws. (T-0). DoD

contractor employees shall not be issued the OF 346, U.S. Government Motor Vehicle

Operator’s Identification Card, AF Forms 2293 or 2296, or AF Form 171 For Maintenance

Purposes Only. (T-1). DoD contractor employees assigned to operate either government owned

or leased equipment in performance of their contract shall be certified by the contractor and at

the contractor’s expense as being fully qualified to operate the vehicles and/or equipment to

which they are assigned. (T-0). The prime contractor shall document all operator qualifications.

(T-0). This documentation shall be provided to the administrative contracting officer before any

contract employee engages in any mode of equipment operation. (T-0). This letter will be

updated as necessary and remain on file with OR&L and the administrative contracting officer.

(T-0).

3.10.1. For ANG, state government employees, with the concurrence of The Adjutant

General, are authorized to operate GMVs while preforming official duties in support of

cooperative agreements IAW National Guard Regulation 5-1, National Guard Grants and

Cooperative Agreements. These employees will adhere to licensing requirements as stated in

paragraph 3.10 (T-1).

3.10.2. Ground Transportation contractor personnel records may be captured in OLVIMS

Dispatch Module for administrative and workload collection purposes only. Contractor

vehicle operator certification will remain the responsibility of the contractor at the

contractor’s expense. (T-0).

32 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

3.11. Requirements for Contingency and Remote Areas. Certain personnel assigned to

contingency and remote areas are required to have an AF Form 2293 before they report for duty,

since facilities for examining and training operations at these sites may be limited or nonexistent.

The parent or losing command will ensure that licenses and qualification records are issued to

these personnel. (T-1).

Section 3F—Administrative Control of USAF Licensing

3.12. Suspension for Substance Abuse. The unit commander determines if a person involved

in substance abuse will have their GMV operating privileges suspended and reinstated. (T-1).

The commander must notify the OR&L office of all suspension and reinstatement actions per

AFI 24-301. (T-1).

3.13. Reinstatement of a State Operator’s Permit. GMV driving privileges are automatically

reinstated unless deemed inadvisable by competent command authority.

Section 3G—Operator Certification and Administrative Responsibility

3.14. Operator Certification. Public Law 99-570, Title XII, The Commercial Motor Vehicle

Safety Act of 1986, established minimum national standards for licensing commercial motor

vehicle drivers. The act requires testing and licensing standards for Commercial Motor Vehicles

to ensure operators have a working knowledge to safely operate those vehicles. The Ground

Transportation, TVO section serves as the sole commercial equivalent vehicle certification

authority on the installation. TVO ensures Air Force licensed operators comply with the

previously mentioned standards and provides certification services for all personnel assigned to

the installation. Members with a CDL license do not require further TVO certification for

vehicles covered on the member’s CDL. NOTE: Members must be familiar with vehicle

AFQTPs prior to issuance of AF Form 2293. TVO manages the installation certification

program and should not be confused with the unit’s training program. Vehicle operator training

remains a unit responsibility.

3.14.1. A trainee will possess an AF Form 171, which serves as a learner’s permit, and be

accompanied by a vehicle trainer while driving. (T-1). The AF Form 171 becomes a valid

learner’s permit only after completing Section I, Trainee Information. Block 13 of the AF

Form 171 must specify the vehicle types (by management code) the trainee is being trained

to operate. (T-1).

Section 3H—Vehicle Training Aid Requirements

3.15. Air Force Qualification Training Packages (AFQTPs). Vehicle AFQTPs will be

developed and maintained for all GMVs that require a military license IAW AFI 24-301. (T-1).

3.15.1. Training Packages. AFIMSC is the OPR for standardized published vehicle

AFQTPs. Vehicle AFQTPs originate by the functional communities with the greatest

applicability and submitted to AFISMC for approval.

3.15.1.1. Items included in the vehicle AFQTPs are applicable technical orders, owner’s

manuals, and any other documentation to support publication of the package.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 33

3.15.1.2. Upon publication, standardized vehicle lesson and qualification training plans

will take precedence over locally produced lesson plans and will be the curriculum used

for training and certification on the identified vehicle. (T-1).

3.15.1.3. Only functional and locality specific supplements may be made to standardized

AFQTPs. No deletions or additional changes may be made without approved. (T-1).

3.15.2. Standardized and locally produced lesson plans must consist of the following items:

(T-1).

3.15.2.1. List of references.

3.15.2.2. Student learning objectives. Outline exactly what the trainee is to learn in

order to be able to pre-inspect, operate, and post-inspect the vehicle. Specify the number

of hours required to normally complete the training.

3.15.2.3. Task breakdown. List of step-by-step procedures for performing a specific

task. It includes important steps, key points and stresses safety throughout.

3.15.2.4. Forms and documentation. Specify the steps of using the AF Form 171,

adding qualifications to the license and recertification procedures.

3.15.2.5. Training tools. List the tools and aids to be used (i.e., manufacturer’s

operator’s manual, videos, written test).

3.15.2.6. Safety considerations. Specify required personal protective equipment and

operational safety requirements.

3.15.2.7. Vehicle inspection. Identify the vehicle components requiring inspection pre-,

during- and post- operation. Include a walk-around inspection guide for reference.

3.15.2.8. Vehicle operation. Identify vehicle operational procedures needed for the

operator of the GMV to safely and proficiently operate the vehicle.

3.15.2.9. Vehicle operation demonstration. Specify inspection and operational

procedures that should be demonstrated by the trainer as instruction for the trainee.

3.15.2.10. Identifying certification procedures. If applicable, specify the procedures

and criteria for the written evaluation and/or performance examination.

3.15.3. VCOs will coordinate functional and locality specific vehicle AFQTP supplements

for validation through the Ground Transportation NCOIC then Vehicle Fleet Manager. (T-

1). NOTE: AFQTP supplements for vehicles with the potential to become explosive laden

vehicles will require additional coordination IAW AFMAN 91-201, Explosives Safety

Standards. (T-1).

3.15.3.1. OR&L will review and verify all unit vehicle AFQTP supplements meet

requirements IAW this chapter. (T-1).

3.15.3.2. Once the Ground Transportation NCOIC, Host Installation Safety office, and

Vehicle Fleet Manager approves and signs-off on the vehicle AFQTP supplement, the

owning unit commander may then sign as the final approver for the package supplement.

34 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

3.15.3.3. OR&L will retain a unit listing of all approved AFQTP supplement and

approval date (for revalidation purposes). (T-1). Actual copies of lesson plan supplement

are not required to be maintained in OR&L.

Section 3I—Unit Vehicle Training and Vehicle Control Official (VCO) Responsibilities

3.16. Policy. The using organization conducts all required vehicle training. When initial driver

training is required, training may be accomplished by contract with a commercial driver training

agency at unit expense.

3.16.1. Trainers. Unit commanders will designate in writing (using the AF Form 170,

Appointment of Vehicle Trainer) unit vehicle training instructors by vehicle type and

management code and submit the request to the OR&L office. (T-1).

3.16.1.1. Units will ensure trainer candidates meet requirements in AFI 36-2670, Total

Force Development, and ensure the candidate is licensed on the vehicle type prior to

being nominated as a trainer. (T-1).

3.16.2. Training Certification. When a student operator demonstrates competency in

operating and servicing on a specific vehicle type, certification will be accomplished by: (T-

1).

3.16.2.1. Unit trainer certifies completion by marking and signing the AF Form 171.

3.16.2.2. Trainee acknowledges training by marking and signing the AF Form 171.

3.16.2.3. By completing the AF Form 171, the appropriate authority certifies that

training was provided by a qualified vehicle trainer using an approved AFQTP. NOTE:

The trainer and certifier may not be the same individual.

3.16.2.4. The trainee presents the AF Form 171 to OR&L staff as the source document

for updating their AF Form 2293.

3.16.3. Emergency Response Training. Additional training is required for vehicles used

for emergency response purposes. Training will be documented in personnel training records

(if applicable). (T-1). Units will develop and implement emergency vehicle operator

training requirements IAW DoDI 6055.04 and DoD 6055.06-M. (T-0).

3.16.4. Explosives and Hazardous Material (HAZMAT) Transport. Operators of Air

Force GMVs must be qualified to operate the vehicle and be knowledgeable of the cargo

being transported IAW AFMAN 91-201, the host nation guidance, AFQTP 24-3-HAZMAT

and this manual. (T-0). The unit trainer will document this additional training and instruction

in applicable documents. (T-1).

3.16.5. Pintle Hook, Ball Hitch, and Combination Hitch. Train IAW AFQTP 24-3-

PTLHK.

3.16.6. Rollover Risk Vehicles. Units will ensure training packages for vehicles with a

gross vehicle weight of 20,000 lbs or greater include a rollover risk warning. (T-0).

Rollover risk training packages may be included in each vehicle’s AFQTP or as a separate

training package. Training packages will address at a minimum; safety, speed control, high

gross-weight/center of balance, handling and braking, weather, road traffic and cargo

conditions. (T-0).

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 35

3.16.7. Air Field Training. AFI 13-213, Airfield Driving, provides guidance on driver

training.

3.17. TDY Vehicle Training and Qualifications.

3.17.1. Operator Training in TDY Status. Training and certification must be

accomplished by a designated vehicle trainer and documented on the AF Form 171. (T-1).

The trainer certifies completion of training by completing the AF Form 171. The student

operator will retain the AF Form 171 to certify the training received. (T-1). The completed

AF Form 171 may be used in-lieu-of an AF Form 2293 when accompanied by official TDY

orders.

3.17.1.1. Upon return to home station, the member’s home station VCO must validate

the member’s qualifications by signing the AF Form 171. (T-1). The member will

present the AF Form 171 to the OR&L office as prescribed in AFI 24-301 for addition of

the qualification to their AF Forms 2293 and 2296 prior to operating the vehicle captured

on the AF Form 171. (T-1).

36 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Chapter 4

BASIC OPERATING PROCEDURES AND MANEUVERS

Section 4A—General Information

4.1. Objective. The objective of training an operator of an Air Force GMV is to teach him/her

how to perform the job efficiently with maximum safety, comfort, and economy. Good driving

habits are attained through constant practice. During daily driving, review the techniques

discussed below.

4.2. Basic Responsibilities. Operators of Air Force GMVs are responsible for the following:

4.2.1. Safely operating the vehicle and complying with applicable federal, state, local, and

host nation laws and regulations.

4.2.2. While operating a military vehicle, use of personal or government-issued hand-held

wireless phones or text messaging equipment or any other type of electronic devices will not

be used. (T-0). The use of hands-free communication equipment (blue-tooth enabled

vehicles, speakerphones, single-bud earphones, mounted phones, etc.) is authorized if

allowed by local law.

4.2.3. Following all operator maintenance outlined in the appropriate technical order.

4.2.4. Caring for and cleaning the vehicle and its equipment at all times.

4.2.5. Ensuring the safety and comfort of passengers (includes ensuring that seat and

shoulder belts are safely fastened). The GMV operator will ensure that passengers comply

before operating the vehicle. (T-0).

4.2.6. Ensuring the security of the vehicle and cargo.

4.2.7. Notify supervision of any change in status that may affect his/her ability to operate a

vehicle (for example, inability to drive due to physical condition or withdrawal of your state

drivers license).

4.2.8. Operators of GMVs are subject to corrective action by commanders for incidents of

abuse, misuse, and damage to unit-assigned vehicles.

4.2.9. Operators of GMVs may be required to operate two-way radio equipment. Do not

attempt to operate the two-way radio equipment in the vehicle unless instruction has been

given to do so. Supervisors should determine who is qualified to efficiently operate

equipment and furnish local standard procedures, codes and so forth.

Section 4B—Basic Unit/VCO Responsibilities

4.3. Unit/VCO Responsibilities. The unit will provide the operator with required items for off-

base travel. (T-1). All necessary vehicle forms will be included with the vehicle e.g., SF 91,

Motor Vehicle Accident Report, AF Form 1800, DD Form 518, Accident Identification Card, and

SF 94, Statement of Witness. (T-1).

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 37

4.4. Toll Tickets/Transponders. When off-base routes include locations where passage would

require a toll, prepaid toll tickets or transponders may be furnished (if available) at the time of

travel. If not, follow local policy for being reimbursed for tolls and parking fees. Always ask

the toll keeper for a receipt. Upon returning, submit any toll receipts and/or unused toll tickets

and/or transponder to the dispatcher.

Section 4C—Operator of Air Force GMVs Health and Well-Being

4.5. Operator Health and Well-Being. The ability to operate a vehicle is not the only

consideration of a safe operator.

4.5.1. No operator will be under the influence of alcohol or narcotics while operating a

vehicle. (T-0).

4.5.2. Operators are ultimately responsible for exercising good judgment by imposing

additional time constraints as needed.

4.5.3. Adequate Rest. Operators work/rest cycle will be monitored and must be in

compliance with DoDI 6055.4, DoD Traffic Safety Program. (T-0). It is the operator’s

responsibility to inform his/her supervisor if they have not had adequate sleep, and feel

his/her driving will be unsafe. (T-1).

Section 4D—Manual and Semi-automatic Transmissions Operation

4.6. Starting. Instructions on starting manual and automatic shift vehicles are found in this

chapter. However, the following points are given on specific starting conditions:

4.6.1. On Hills. When starting a vehicle on an upgrade, engage the parking brake to keep

the vehicle from rolling backward. Keep the parking brake on while shifting into low gear

and begin to release the clutch pedal slowly. When the vehicle begins to pull against the

brake, release the brake slowly. This allows the operator to start the vehicle without the

danger of rolling back and losing control. Although it may not be necessary to use the

parking brake in vehicles equipped with automatic transmission or special devices that

prevent rolling back on hills, it is a safety precaution that an operator should take.

4.6.2. Slippery Surfaces. When starting a vehicle on a slippery surface (such as ice, sand,

loose dirt, or so forth) use second or a higher gear instead of low gear. Feed the gas and

release the clutch pedal very slowly to avoid spinning the rear wheels (manual transmission

only).

4.7. General Information. An operator of GMVs should be prepared to drive vehicles with

either manual, semiautomatic, or automatic transmissions. Each transmission type requires

specific methods to ensure smooth operation.

4.8. Clutch Operation. A clutch provides the means to apply engine power to the wheels

smoothly and gradually. The operator must learn the following: Where the clutch starts to

engage, how far the pedal moves to become fully engaged, how much free play the pedal has,

how fast they should engage the clutch.

38 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

4.8.1. The GMV operator’s foot should not be on the clutch pedal except when actually

starting, stopping, or shifting gears. Even a slight constant pressure on the clutch pedal

causes excessive wear. For this reason, when stopped on a hill, never slip the clutch to keep

from rolling backward; instead use the brakes. While waiting in a long line at traffic lights or

when halted for other reasons, press the clutch pedal and move the transmission shift lever

into neutral. Release the clutch after shifting into neutral.

4.8.2. When slowing a vehicle in order to stop or to turn, reduce the speed to 15 mph or less

before pressing the clutch pedal. Coasting a vehicle at a high-speed with the clutch pedal

pressed is dangerous. Vehicle control becomes more difficult and the clutch may be

damaged. Damage resulting from this practice is considered vehicle abuse.

4.9. Manual Shifting Purpose.

4.9.1. Skill in manual shifting is a requirement of good driving. Poor manual shifting results

in poor vehicle performance and can damage the vehicle. The operator of the GMV should

be so familiar with the gearshift lever positions that they can shift to any gear without

looking at the shift lever.

4.9.2. The gearshift pattern is usually diagramed on the vehicle caution plate. Never move

the gearshift lever from one position to another while the engine is running (until the clutch

pedal has been fully pressed with the left foot).

4.9.3. To shift gears smoothly and quietly, keep the pedal fully pressed until the shift has

been completed.

4.9.4. When shifting gears in a 1 ½-ton or larger truck, the operator may be required to use

the double-clutching instructions.

4.9.5. When shifting gears in rough terrain and on hills, always maintain positive momentum

in order to avoid causing the engine to labor or jerk before shifting into a lower gear ratio.

Always anticipate the need for extra power and shift gears accordingly.

4.9.6. When descending a hill, with or without a heavy cargo, always drive with the vehicle

in gear and the clutch pedal out.

4.10. Clutch Shifting Procedure. After becoming acquainted with the vehicle’s instruments

and controls, the operator is ready to begin driving operations. Start and warm the engine with

the transmission in neutral. Perform the following steps to start moving the vehicle in low or

first gear:

4.10.1. Press the clutch pedal and shift into low gear.

4.10.2. Check the inside and outside rearview mirrors.

4.10.3. Check blind spots.

4.10.4. Let the clutch pedal up slowly, pausing at friction point or when the clutch feels like

it is taking hold. Hesitate; then check mirrors again for traffic.

4.10.5. Release the parking brake.

4.10.6. Slowly release the clutch pedal and at the same time slightly press the accelerator.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 39

4.10.7. When driving operation is underway, the left foot should be completely removed

from the clutch pedal.

4.11. Double-Clutch Shifting Procedure. Good driving practice in trucks (1 ½-ton or larger)

often requires the operator to double-clutch to properly engage the gears and to prevent loss of

momentum. Do the following to shift to a lower gear by double-clutching:

4.11.1. Release pressure from the accelerator and begin pressing the clutch pedal.

4.11.2. When the clutch pedal is fully pressed, move the gearshift lever to the neutral

position.

4.11.3. Release the clutch pedal and at the same time press the accelerator to speed up the

engine.

4.11.4. Let up on the accelerator and press the clutch pedal.

4.11.5. While the clutch pedal is pressed, move the gearshift lever to the next lower gear

speed.

4.11.6. Release the clutch pedal and at the same time press the accelerator to maintain

engine speed as the load is again connected to the engine.

4.11.7. The procedure is the same for shifting to a higher gear speed, except that the engine

is not accelerated while the gear is in neutral.

4.12. Spark Ignition Engine Braking Operation. If the hill is steep enough to require using

brakes to reduce speed, shift into the next lower gear at the crest of the hill and use the engine

compression as a brake.

4.12.1. Take extreme care to prevent excessive engine speed while descending a hill. Judge

the necessary gear and shift, if necessary, at the crest of the hill before speed has increased

from downhill movement.

4.12.2. Ordinarily, the gear required to ascend a hill is proper to use to descend it. Gearing

down after engine speed has increased may extensively damage the engine. Except when

used to compensate for brake failure, damage resulting from this practice is considered

vehicle abuse. With proper gear selection, intermittent application of brakes can reduce the

speed of the vehicle to safe limits.

4.12.3. The operator of a GMV, when preparing to stop the vehicle, should remove his/her

foot from the accelerator and use the engine compression as a brake to help stop the vehicle.

4.12.4. Do not press the clutch pedal until the motor is operating at low speed and is no

longer serving as a brake. Then press the clutch pedal before the engine begins to labor from

slow speed. Apply the foot brake to help this braking action.

4.12.5. When preparing to turn or stop, avoid downshifting above 20 mph.

4.12.6. The above rules apply to most vehicles. To meet the military’s transportation needs

for moving heavy equipment and traveling over rough terrain, new vehicles are constantly

being developed. These vehicles may have more complicated transmissions (such as multi-

gear ranges and dual-speed axles or other special features). To understand how a new

vehicle may operate, read the Manufacturer’s Operator’s Manual and respective qualification

training package written for that vehicle before attempting to operate it.

40 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Section 4E—Backing

4.13. Backing.

4.13.1. Before backing even a short distance, ensure that there are no people or objects

behind the vehicle.

4.13.2. Backing is more dangerous than going forward. Visibility is limited and the vehicle

is harder to control. When possible always park vehicle with limited visibility to the rear so

pulling out without backing isn’t necessary.

4.13.3. Never back long distances, unless absolutely necessary. It is much safer to turn

around and cover the distance going forward.

4.13.4. When parking in areas with perpendicular parking, use the following safety tips:

4.13.4.1. Stay alert and scan the area - use mirrors or rear-view cameras.

4.13.4.2. Look for pedestrians.

4.13.4.3. Drive slow - obey posted speed limits and signs.

4.13.4.4. When parking, keep distance between your vehicle and others.

4.13.4.5. Reverse park into the parking space. NOTE: Parking in reverse is a simple way

to reduce the risk of accidents. By reverse parking, you avoid backing out blindly into

oncoming traffic or into the path of pedestrians

Section 4F—Spotter Safety

4.14. Spotter Safety. Spotters will be required when operator visibility is obscured or in

question, when backing a vehicle, and prior to beginning aircraft up/downloading (with pre-

positioned chock in place). (T-1). When using a spotter, the following guidance will be

followed: (T-1).

4.14.1. The following safety items will be required for spotters during hours of darkness or

periods of reduced visibility: reflective belt and flashlight or luminous wands. (T-1).

4.14.2. Spotters must be trained in standard hand and arm signals and flashlight signals

before guiding a vehicle. (T-0). Hand and arm signals are the basic method used for ground

guiding.

4.14.3. Operators and spotters must coordinate signals before vehicle movement. (T-0).

Voice signals between a spotter and operator can be misunderstood. Therefore, they will not

be used except in an emergency. (T-1).

4.14.4. The number of spotters used is determined by the availability of personnel and

visibility restrictions (cargo, darkness, etc.). In most cases only one spotter is required. The

spotter will be positioned so he/she will be seen by the operator at all times. (T-1).

4.14.5. Spotters will never spot between the tires of an All-terrain Forklift. (T-1). Spotters

should maintain a minimum distance of 12 inches out from the front vehicle tire within the

area of the forward rim.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 41

4.14.6. In the event that more than one spotter is required, only one spotter will be

designated as the primary spotter to give signals to the operator. (T-1). Everyone involved

(the operator and spotters) must understand who will give the signal and who will receive it

before any movement is executed. (T-0).

4.14.7. Before a vehicle is started for movement, a member of the crew or the operator (if no

spotter is available) must walk completely around the vehicle to ensure that no personnel or

property are in danger from the vehicle's movement. (T-0).

4.14.7.1. Will verify clearance: (T-1). Determine visual clear distance with a ground

reference point from the cab of the vehicle.

4.14.7.2. Will mount the vehicle, sound the horn (if tactical situation allows), and back to

the rear of the pre-selected ground reference point. (T-1). Stop and repeat the process, as

necessary, until the desired vehicle position is obtained.

4.14.8. Spotters should avoid walking backwards while guiding a vehicle. If it is necessary

for a spotter to walk backwards, he/she must first check to ensure there are no potential

hazards that may cause the spotter to slip, trip, or fall. (T-1).

4.14.9. The GMV operator will not put the vehicle into motion until visual contact is made

with the spotter. (T-1). To ensure the safety of the GMV operator and the spotter, spotters

must maintain visual contact with vehicle at all times. (T-1).

4.14.10. The spotters keep a reasonable and safe distance between themselves and the

vehicle front, rear, and corners. They will never be directly in front of or behind the vehicle.

(T-1).

4.14.11. Spotters will not position themselves between the vehicle (and trailer, if applicable)

being guided and another object, trailer, or fixed/portable loading ramp where an inadvertent

engine surge or momentary loss of vehicle control could cause injury or death. (T-1).

4.14.12. If visual contact of the spotter is lost or if the GMV operator notices that the guide

is dangerously positioned, the operator must immediately stop the vehicle. (T-1). The GMV

operator will secure their vehicle, dismount, and make an on-spot correction before

continuing operations. (T-1).

4.14.13. At night, a spotter should use two luminous wands (if not available, flashlights with

clear or colored lenses are permitted) to give the proper signal for the vehicle to move.

4.15. Air Force Standard Spotting Hand and Arm Signals. Standard hand and arm signals,

known by all Airmen, are needed to ensure safe and effective spotting while guiding a vehicle.

Described below are the Air Force Standardized Basic Hand and Arm Signals (IAW TO 36M-1-

141, 463L Material Handling Equipment System), which must be used by all operators of GMVs

and spotters. (T-1).

4.15.1. Come towards the spotter. Bend both elbows, palms or night wands facing up. In

unison, move forearms forward. Signal either above your head, or to the sides of your body

to ensure hand movements are clearly seen.

42 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Figure 4.1. Standard Spotting Hand and Arm Signals – Come Towards the Spotter.

4.15.2. Move away from the spotter. Extend both arms downward with palms facing away

or wands pointing down. In unison, move arms forward and back. At no time should hands

be above waist height. Repeat this movement until the operator is required to stop the

vehicle. NOTE: Picture shows motion only. Proper positions should be facing the GMV

operator.

Figure 4.2. Standard Spotting Hand and Arm Signals – Move Away from the Spotter.

4.15.3. Right Turn/Left Turn. Dependent on the placement of the spotter (forward or rear

of the vehicle), the spotter should point to the direction that the vehicle needs to move with

one hand, and raise the opposite arm, bent at the elbow. The hand or wand is be pointing up.

Motion the hand in the direction that the vehicle should move. (See Figure 4.11 and 4.12)

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 43

Figure 4.3. Standard Spotting Hand and Arm Signals.

Figure 4.4. Standard Spotting Hand and Arm Signals.

4.15.4. Slow Down. Raise both arms, bend elbows. Position palms or wands facing down,

in front of your body. Move both hands or wands in an up and down motion.

44 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Figure 4.5. Standard Spotting Hand and Arm Signals – Slow Down.

4.15.5. Stop. Extend and raise both arms. Cross arms or wands in front of body.

Figure 4.6. Standard Spotting Hand and Arm Signals – Stop.

4.15.6. Shut Down. Position palm or wand facing down, horizontally across your neck.

Move your hand, or wand in a sweeping motion from left to right.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 45

Figure 4.7. Standard Spotting Hand and Arm Signals – Shut Down.

Section 4G—Parking

4.16. General. Except on one-way streets, always park on the right side of the street in

jurisdictions where operators are required to operate the GMV on the right-side of the road,

except when local law states otherwise. In jurisdictions where operators are required to operate

the GMV on the left-side of the road, always park on the left side of the street, except when local

law states otherwise. Remember to lock the ignition switch on vehicles of commercial design

and remove the key. Turn-off the master switch on tactical vehicles. Exceptions may be

directed by local commanders.

4.16.1. Parallel Parking. Parallel parking to the curb between vehicles is difficult for

many, if not most, operators. If followed, this step-by-step method can make parallel parking

easier (see Figure 4.8):

4.16.1.1. Select a large enough space.

4.16.1.2. Give the proper hand signal for stopping. Pull up alongside the vehicle parked

in the space ahead of the vacant parking space. The vehicle being parked should be one

to two feet away from the parked vehicle and the rear bumpers of both vehicles should be

even.

4.16.1.3. For jurisdictions where operators are required to operate the GMV on the right-

side of the road, except when local law states otherwise:

4.16.1.4. Start backing slowly. Turn the steering wheel as hard as possible to the right as

soon as the vehicle starts moving. With the steering wheel all the way over to the right,

continue backing until the vehicle is at a 45-degree angle to the curb. At this point the

right front door is opposite the rear bumper of the other vehicle.

4.16.1.5. Straighten the front wheels. Go straight back a short distance until the right

end of the front bumper of the vehicle being parked is opposite the left end of the rear

bumper of the parked vehicle.

46 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

4.16.1.6. Pause a moment. Now turn the steering wheel hard to the left and back slowly

into the space, straightening the front wheels just as they approach the curb. If unable to

get all the way into the space, usually the best thing to do is to drive all the way out, get

the vehicle ahead of the space, and start again.

4.16.1.7. Pull forward. A vehicle being parked should divide the parking space, leaving

as much distance between the vehicle and the parked vehicles both ahead and to the rear.

The front and rear wheels should be an equal distance from the curb and no more than a

foot away.

4.16.1.8. Turn-off the engine. Before leaving the vehicle, set the parking brake and put

the vehicle in reverse gear. If the vehicle has an automatic transmission, place the lever

in the PARK position. When parking on a downgrade, if there is a curb, turn the wheels

so that the front right tire is against the curb and chock the front of the rear wheels.

When parking on an upgrade, turn the wheels left and away from the curb so that the

back of the right front tire locks against the curb and chock the back of the rear wheels.

Doing this ensures that the vehicle does not roll. When parking uphill without a curb, the

operator will use chocks behind the rear tires. (T-1). When parking downhill without a

curb, the operator will place chocks in front of the front tires (see Figure 4.9). (T-1).

4.16.1.9. The parking brake is the primary safety item. Only use chock blocks as a

secondary safety item in conjunction with the parking brake. Using chock blocks alone is

not enough or effective. The parking brake must be set at all times when the vehicle is

parked. (T-0).

4.16.1.10. For jurisdictions where operators are required to operate the GMV on the left-

side of the road, except when local law states otherwise:

4.16.1.11. Start backing slowly. Turn the steering wheel as hard as possible to the left as

soon as the vehicle starts moving. With the steering wheel all the way over to the left,

continue backing until the vehicle is at a 45-degree angle to the curb. At this point the

left front door is opposite the rear bumper of the other vehicle.

4.16.1.12. Straighten the front wheels. Go straight back a short distance until the left end

of the front bumper of the vehicle being parked is opposite the right end of the rear

bumper of the parked vehicle.

4.16.1.13. Pause a moment. Now turn the steering wheel hard to the right and back

slowly into the space, straightening the front wheels just as they approach the curb. If

unable to get all the way into the space, usually the best thing to do is to drive all the way

out, get the vehicle ahead of the space, and start again.

4.16.1.14. Pull forward. A vehicle being parked should divide the parking space, leaving

as much distance between the vehicle and the parked vehicles both ahead and to the rear.

The front and rear wheels should be an equal distance from the curb and no more than a

foot away.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 47

4.16.1.15. Turn-off the engine. Before leaving the vehicle, set the parking brake and put

the vehicle in reverse gear. If the vehicle has an automatic transmission, place the lever

in the PARK position. When parking on a downgrade, if there is a curb, turn the wheels

so that the front left tire is against the curb and chock the front of the rear wheels. When

parking on an upgrade, turn the wheels right and away from the curb so that the back of

the left front tire locks against the curb and chock the back of the rear wheels. Doing this

ensures that the vehicle does not roll. When parking uphill without a curb, the operator

will use chocks behind the rear tires. (T-1). When parking downhill without a curb, the

operator will place chocks in front of the front tires (see Figure 4.9). (T-1).

4.16.1.16. The parking brake is the primary safety item. Only use chock blocks as a

secondary safety item in conjunction with the parking brake. Using chock blocks alone is

not enough or effective. The parking brake must be set at all times when the vehicle is

parked. (T-0).

Figure 4.8. Parking Parallel to a Curb.

4.17. Diagonal or Angle Parking. Diagonal or angle parking is easy enough for most

operators. However, remember the following:

4.17.1. Give the hand signal for stopping.

4.17.2. Begin turning into the parking space from a position about five feet from the row of

parked vehicles.

48 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

4.17.3. Turn the steering wheel in the direction of the space and enter the space with the

vehicle as straight as possible with the angle of the space.

4.17.4. For jurisdictions where operators are required to operate the GMV on the right-side

of the road, except when local law states otherwise:

4.17.4.1. Use the parked vehicle or line marking on the left as a guide. However, be very

careful to allow enough clearance between the moving vehicle and those parked on either

side.

4.17.4.2. When coming out of a diagonal parking space, back very slowly until far

enough to see traffic that may be coming and stop if necessary. Turn the steering wheel

sharply when the left front wheel is opposite the rear bumper of the vehicle parked to the

left. In turning too soon, it is possible to sideswipe the other vehicle while backing out.

4.17.5. For jurisdictions where operators are required to operate the GMV on the left-side of

the road, except when local law states otherwise:

4.17.5.1. Use the parked vehicle or line marking on the right as a guide. However, be

very careful to allow enough clearance between the moving vehicle and those parked on

either side.

4.17.5.2. When coming out of a diagonal parking space, back very slowly until far

enough to see traffic that may be coming and stop if necessary. Turn the steering wheel

sharply when the right front wheel is opposite the rear bumper of the vehicle parked to

the right. In turning too soon, it is possible to sideswipe the other vehicle while backing

out.

Figure 4.9. Parking on a Hill.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 49

Chapter 5

PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTING PERSONNEL

Section 5A—General Information and Procedures

5.1. General Information. The operator of an AF Government Motor Vehicle transporting

personnel has a special obligation to their passengers. These responsibilities are in addition to

the previously described responsibilities for operating a vehicle.

5.2. General Procedures. Many passengers transported may be visiting dignitaries. The

visitor’s first impression is the one they remember most. The way an operator performs his/her

duties when transporting personnel directly reflects upon their motor transportation operation.

Regardless the grade or status of a passenger (officer, enlisted or civilian), an operator should

always:

5.2.1. Report promptly to the person requesting transportation.

5.2.2. Show courtesy to all passengers regardless of grade.

5.2.3. Open and close the vehicle door for passengers of senior grades.

5.2.4. See that all passengers have secured seat and shoulder belts (if installed).

5.2.5. Park the vehicle so passengers are able to load and unload on the curbside.

Section 5B—Special Situations

5.3. Distinguished Visitors (DVs). As a military operator, the opportunity may arise to

transport DVs (such as high-ranking officers or civilians, dignitaries, and so on) who visit the

base. Generally, a DV is assigned one operator for their entire visit. The length of the visit

varies, but is usually one to three days. A group of DVs normally consists of three to eight

persons. The group generally has one person who acts as a liaison between the operator and the

guests. This designated person is who the operator should report to and from whom they will

also receive their orders.

5.3.1. The liaison will have the itinerary for the DVs and should be able to tell the operator

when and where they need to be available with their vehicle.

5.3.2. Between runs, be sure that the vehicle is ready for further service. Keep the vehicle

wiped-off, windows clean, and floor swept. The operator and vehicle should be neat and

clean at all times. If the operator and vehicle are needed past normal duty hours, a change of

uniform may be required.

5.3.3. Salute when reporting to an officer to inform them their transportation is available.

When the officer arrives at the vehicle, the operator must stand at attention, open the door,

and salute. (T-1). Additional officers must be saluted upon arriving at the vehicle. (T-1).

Stand at parade rest by the vehicle door the officer may enter. NOTE: Once the DV is in the

vehicle, the operator should walk around the rear of the vehicle as to not require an additional

salute while the DV is in the vehicle.

50 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

5.3.4. When transporting general officers, display the appropriate star plates and flags. When

a general officer is not present, plates and flags will be cased. (T-1). When reveille or

retreat is sounded, stop the vehicle and remain seated.

5.4. Emergency Vehicles. Personnel may be designated as an operator of an ambulance or

other emergency vehicle. However, the person designated must still conform to normal traffic

regulations unless otherwise directed by their supervisor or as required by an emergency

situation. Emergency runs will be restricted to actual emergencies.

5.4.1. The speed of emergency vehicles should be reasonable and proper with due regard for

actual and potential hazards. Ambulances and police vehicles may exceed the posted speed

limits only in emergencies and as directed by the provost marshal or security police

directives.

5.4.2. Certain emergency vehicles are equipped with warning devices (usually a siren and/or

a red or blue flashing light). These warning devices should be used to get other vehicles to

yield the right-of-way. Under no circumstances will the operator assume that these signals

give full clearance to operate the vehicle without suitable regard for life, property, and traffic

laws.

5.4.3. Unless ordered otherwise, by the medical officer in charge, do not use the sirens on

ambulances. Except when responding to an emergency call, observe all traffic laws carefully

during the transfer of patients.

5.4.4. When responding to an emergency, emergency vehicles may proceed through a stop

sign or light (if not in violation of local law), only after slowing down or stopping to assure

safe operation.

5.4.5. Police vehicles responding to emergency calls use sirens and flashing lights according

to local directives or as directed by the provost marshal or the Chief of Security Forces.

5.4.6. The foregoing provisions do not relieve emergency vehicle operators from the

responsibility to drive with regard for the safety of all persons and property. Nor do any of

these provisions protect the operator from the consequence of any reckless disregard for the

safety and wellbeing of others.

5.4.7. As an emergency vehicle operator, personnel will receive additional operator training

and must be licensed IAW this manual (See Chapter 3) and DoDI 6055.04 to operate

emergency vehicles. (T-1).

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 51

Chapter 6

MAINTAINING SAFE VEHICLES

Section 6A—General Maintenance Responsibilities

6.1. General Information. This chapter contains the general maintenance responsibilities of an

operator of an Air Force GMV to keep the vehicle in a safe operating condition, including

preventative maintenance, necessary equipment, pre-operation inspection, and the necessary

forms.

6.2. Fuel-Efficient Operations. A qualified operator of an Air Force GMV should operate a

vehicle in the most fuel-efficient manner. To do so, he/she should adopt a fuel-conservation

attitude. Apply the following tips to help develop this attitude:

6.2.1. Plan trips to avoid unnecessary "cold starts."

6.2.2. Consolidate short trips whenever possible.

6.2.3. Reduce vehicle's cool-down time and select a route with consideration for terrain,

weather, and type of vehicle.

6.2.4. Maintain the vehicle with particular attention to proper tire inflation, brakes grabbing

or pulling, oil and lubrication specifications, tune-ups, and required vehicle service schedule.

6.3. DOD Fleet Card Program. Ensure program is IAW AFI 24-302, Attachment 6.

6.4. Use Overview. When required, the following items and services may be procured with the

credit card. NOTE: Operators of government vehicles will use self-service pumps when

available at commercial service stations to purchase the fuels noted below: (T-1).

6.4.1. Gasoline (regular unleaded).

6.4.2. Gasoline (unleaded for boats, diesel marine fuel oil, and aviation turbine fuel).

6.4.3. Gasohol.

6.4.4. Diesel fuels.

6.4.5. Diesel Exhaust Fluids.

6.4.6. Lubricating service and lubricants (including differential and transmission lubricant).

6.4.7. Oil filter elements and servicing.

6.4.8. Ethylene Glycol Antifreeze.

6.4.9. Brake fluid.

6.4.10. Air filters (replacement of throwaway type only, cleaning of permanent type).

6.4.11. Battery charging.

6.4.12. Tire and tube repairs.

6.4.13. Mounting and dismounting snow tires or chains.

52 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

6.4.14. Emergency replacement of spark plugs, fan and generator belts, windshield wiper

arms and blades, lamps, and so forth.

6.4.15. Other emergency repairs, known in the automobile trade as “road repairs.”

Section 6B—Armored Vehicle and Preventative Maintenance

6.5. Armored Vehicle Maintenance. Refer to Air Force Qualification Training Package 24-3-

B212.

Section 6C—Operation Inspections

6.6. Overview Operation Inspections. The operator must perform before-, during-, and after-

operation inspections. (T-1). The operator must also provide routine service and repairs on their

assigned vehicle. (T-1). An operator could be held liable for damages to their vehicle if they fail

to properly inspect for and annotate discrepancies, refer to Technical Order 36-1-191 for further

guidance.

6.6.1. The operator will notify their supervisor as soon as possible of any problem with a

vehicle and keep them informed of its status. (T-1). Unusual noises, vibrations, and changes

in engine performance detected in route, but not identified, should be reported to the

supervisor.

Section 6D—Air Force Equipment and Maintenance Forms and Records

6.7. Air Force Equipment and Maintenance Forms and Records. Use the information below

to perform required inspections and maintenance. In addition, perform and document inspection

and maintenance using AF Form 1800. Refer to AFI 24-302 for specific guidance on AF Form

1800 items to be checked. Ensure that all records created as a result of processes prescribed in

this publication are maintained and disposed of IAW the AFRIMS, RDS.

6.8. Defects. If no defects are found during the before-operation checks and all cleaning and

servicing requirements have been met, the operator is ready to start operating the vehicle. If

vehicle defects are found, enter the details in the appropriate space on the operator’s inspection

guide and trouble report.

6.8.1. When correction of these defects exceeds the operator’s responsibility, take the AF

Form and the vehicle to the Vehicle Management Customer Service Center for corrective

action.

6.8.2. In some cases, required maintenance of the vehicle may be delayed by maintenance

control due to the type of defect or to maintenance work backlog.

6.8.2.1. When maintenance is deferred, maintenance control personnel will enter the

status code and initial the driver’s form to show that defects have been reported and

maintenance delayed. (T-1). This form must be retained in the vehicle as a record of

defects that have been reported to maintenance control. (T-1).

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 53

6.8.2.2. Any new maintenance defects not previously reported and identified as delayed

maintenance, must be reported to maintenance control. (T-1). Maintenance control will

update the inspection guide when delayed maintenance items have been completed. Refer

to AFI 24-302 for more specific information on reporting a vehicle for maintenance.

54 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Chapter 7

HAZARDS AND SAFETY INFORMATION

Section 7A—General Hazards and Safety Information

7.1. General. This chapter contains general hazards and safety information pertaining to all

operators of Air Force GMVs who can face many hazardous driving situations. Hazards may be

the result of weather, time of day, or season of the year. They may be caused by conditions of

the road, the vehicle being driven, or vehicles driven by others.

Section 7B—Hazards and Safety Measures

7.2. Vehicle Hazards. Pedestrians, bicyclists, motorcyclists, and animals pose special problems

for operators. Many times they are difficult to see and an operator should be alert at all times in

order to avoid a collision with them.

7.3. Pedestrians. In the United States, about 40,000 people are killed in traffic accidents each

year. When pedestrians are involved in collisions, speeds of no greater than 15 or 20 mph often

prove fatal. By being alert and aware of his/her surroundings, an operator can avoid fatal

accidents with pedestrians.

7.3.1. An operator should inform pedestrians of his/her intentions by using the proper

signals.

7.3.2. The operator should also anticipate the pedestrian’s intentions. A pedestrian’s actions

are not always predictable, so be prepared at all times.

7.3.2.1. If a person is in the street or driving near pedestrians, slow down the vehicle and

be ready to stop.

7.3.2.2. Never pass a stopped vehicle that is permitting a pedestrian to cross traffic.

7.3.2.3. Watch people on the sidewalks and at the side of the road. They may not stay

there.

7.3.2.4. The operator should allow enough space between his/her vehicle and the row of

parked vehicles in case a pedestrian steps from between them.

7.3.2.5. When approaching a pedestrian from the rear, carefully pass them allowing

plenty of room between them and the vehicle.

7.3.3. School Zones.

7.3.3.1. In school zones, slow down to the posted speed limit and watch for pedestrians.

7.3.3.2. Obey the directions given by members of the school safety patrol or by the

school crossing guards.

7.3.3.3. When stopped by the stop signal of a school bus, do not move until the bus is

placed in motion and the roadway is clear of students.

7.3.4. Intersections. Observe the following rules at intersections:

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 55

7.3.4.1. Pedestrians have the right-of-way where there are no traffic lights.

7.3.4.2. Pedestrians should obey the same traffic light signals, at intersections, as

operators. Pedestrians also obey special crossing lights at intersections (instead of traffic

lights) where present. However, it will always be the operator’s responsibility to yield if

they do not. (T-0).

7.3.4.3. When crossing on a green light, pedestrians will have the right-of-way. (T-0).

If a light changes to yellow or red while crossing, operators must allow them to complete

crossing safely. (T-0).

7.3.4.4. Pedestrians crossing on a special pedestrian signal have the right-of-way just as

they do when crossing on a green light.

7.3.4.5. A blind pedestrian is entitled, by law, to special consideration at intersections

with no traffic lights. When a blind pedestrian enters an intersection, all approaching

vehicles must stop and must remain stopped until the blind pedestrian has completed

crossing. (T-0).

7.4. Bicyclists. Bicyclists are expected to obey the same traffic rules and regulations as GMV

operators. However, many individuals may not obey or even know the rules. Another major

problem for operators, especially at night, is their inability to see bicyclists.

7.4.1. Be cautious because a bicyclist could be in the blind spot of the vehicle. Keep on the

lookout and slow down when approaching bicyclists.

7.4.2. Give bicyclists plenty of room when passing and be prepared to stop suddenly.

7.5. Motorcyclists. It is often difficult to see motorcyclists, especially when they are coming up

from behind, coming from the side streets, and around curves. Always look out for them when

approaching an intersection.

7.5.1. When passing motorcyclists, give them plenty of room. If they look over their

shoulder, it could indicate that they intend to change lanes. Give them time and space to do

so.

7.5.2. Motorcyclists may suddenly need to avoid uneven road surfaces and obstacles such as

drain covers or oily, wet, or icy patches on the road. Give riders sufficient room to react.

7.6. Animals. An operator should always be alert to the possibility of a collision with an

animal. A collision with even a small animal can cause serious vehicle damage and endanger

human life. Operators should remain highly observant for local wildlife and domestic animals.

Be thoroughly familiar with and obey all local laws. Exercise good judgment and drive

defensively at all times to avoid endangering not only animals, but also human life and property.

7.7. School Buses.

7.7.1. Except on highways with a physical median, all traffic in both directions must come to

a complete stop whenever a school bus stops to pick up or discharge passengers (Figure 7.1).

(T-0).

7.7.1.1. In some localities, this rule applies to certain other vehicles (such as city or

church buses).

56 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

7.7.2. Traffic must remain stopped until the bus driver turns off the special “stop lights” on

the front and rear and/or withdraws the special stop sign located on the left side of the bus.

(T-0).

Figure 7.1. Stopping for a School Bus.

7.8. Emergency Vehicles. Emergency vehicles including, but not limited to, police cars,

ambulances, and fire trucks will be entitled to the right-of-way whenever they give an audible or

visual warning of their approach. (T-0).

7.8.1. This warning is usually a siren. Additional warnings may be given by using a bell or

flashing red or blue lights.

7.8.2. The law requires that GMV operators must pull to the right-hand curb or edge of the

road and come to a complete stop. (T-0). They must remain stopped until the emergency

vehicle has passed or until they are directed to proceed by a police officer. (T-0).

7.8.2.1. Though laws and regulations require that an operator pull to the right side of the

road, they do not require them to do it carelessly or without regard to consequences.

7.8.2.2. Look before turning the steering wheel. Turning suddenly to the right without

looking, may cause a collision with the emergency vehicle, another driver, a pedestrian,

or a bicyclist.

7.8.3. Never follow within 500 feet of a fire truck or other emergency vehicle.

7.8.4. Never drive into or park in a block where an emergency vehicle has stopped in answer

to an alarm. Doing so exposes the operator to unnecessary dangers and may hinder the work

of the emergency workers.

7.8.5. Never drive over a fire hose unless directed to do so by a fireman or police officer.

7.9. Weather Hazards. Bad weather means poor driving conditions. Rain, snow and ice, and

fog reduce visibility and make driving dangerous. Visibility may be limited to only a few feet

ahead of the vehicle. While operating a vehicle in any inclement weather, GMV operators

should maintain proper tire inflation, and reduce speed as necessary to avoid accidents and

ensure safety on the road.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 57

7.9.1. Rain. Most operators slow down or pull-off the road in a heavy downpour. However,

many do not realize that roads are likely to be especially slick just after rain or drizzle begins.

The first few drops of rain should act as danger signals to the safe operator.

7.9.1.1. On wet pavements, allow at least two times the normal following distance.

7.9.1.2. In wet weather, extra caution is necessary on mountain roads. Rocks, loosened

by water seepage, may fall onto the road. Water beneath the pavement may freeze during

a cold snap and cause the pavement to buckle.

7.9.1.2.1. Operators may suddenly find broken pavement or rocks in their path as

they round a curve. Operators rounding a curve should drive slowly and with caution

to avoid broken pavement or possible obstructions.

7.9.1.3. Wet roads may also cause hydroplaning, a condition in which directional control

is partially or totally lost as the tires on the vehicle lose traction with the road.

7.9.2. Snow and Ice. Roads covered in snow and ice reduce traction, require three to eleven

times more stopping distance, and may not be easily identifiable by the operator. Fresh snow

may conceal an icy road surface, or isolated patches of ice may be on an otherwise clear

road, especially in shaded areas. An operator should use extreme caution to maintain traction

to avoid skidding when attempting to stop or turn.

7.9.2.1. Visibility. Good visibility is the first requirement for safe driving.

7.9.2.1.1. Keep windshields, windows, mirrors, headlights, spotlights, and body

clearance lights clean and free of snow and ice.

7.9.2.1.2. If defrosters are not available, keep windshields clean by using the

windshield wiper, wedging the rear of the hood open so motor heat is vented toward

the windshield (for rear-opening hoods) or thoroughly ventilating inside the vehicle.

7.9.2.1.3. Cover windshields of vehicles parked in open lots with cardboard or

canvas to prevent overnight frosting.

7.9.2.1.4. Use low-beam headlights to warn other vehicles when visibility is low.

Stop, park off of the road, and wait for conditions to improve if there is zero

visibility.

7.9.2.2. Operating Procedures.

7.9.2.2.1. Start driving in second or third gear rather than first or low. Engage the

clutch gradually (or in D2, high, with automatic transmission), and accelerate no

more than necessary to keep from stalling.

7.9.2.2.2. Descend moderate grades in the gear normally used to climb the same

grade. On steep or very slippery grades, use at least one gear lower and go slower.

7.9.2.2.3. If unsure about a difficult stretch of road, bring the vehicle to a stop and

inspect the road carefully before going across. Select a gear that can allow the

vehicle to pass safely. If following a vehicle, wait until it crosses. This allows the

GMV operator the ability to render assistance to the lead vehicle if it gets stuck. It

also ensures that the lead vehicle may be able to render assistance to the second

vehicle if it gets stuck.

58 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

7.9.2.2.4. To drive through heavy slush, downshift before entering and keep moving.

If wheels begin to spin, disengage the clutch at once, back-up, and try again. If

necessary try rocking the vehicle by shifting rapidly between forward and reverse

gears.

7.9.2.2.5. On roads that slope toward side ditches, straddle the center or crown to

avoid sliding to the side. Watch carefully for approaching traffic.

7.9.2.2.6. Avoid vehicle tracks, rocks, and other objects that might throw the vehicle

sideways causing a skid. Also avoid sharp turns that may make a vehicle skid.

7.9.2.2.7. Drive at reduced speeds. This allows the GMV operator to bring the

vehicle to a stop more quickly. Avoid quick acceleration on slick roads to avoid

skidding.

7.9.2.2.8. Slow down before coming to bridges and shaded places. Be especially

careful in the late afternoon and at night. Melting snow running down from the upper

side of a banked curve may freeze on the pavement as the sun sets. Since bridges

cool much more rapidly than other road surfaces, moisture often condenses on them

and freezes quickly into thin sheets of ice when the temperature drops.

7.9.2.2.9. Give turn signals sooner than usual, and pump the brakes to give others an

early warning of the intention to stop. This gives other operators more time to react.

NOTE: If the vehicle is equipped with an Anti-lock Brake System, do not pump the

brakes; hold firm on the brakes.

7.9.2.2.10. Maintain at least double the normal distance from the vehicle ahead.

7.9.2.2.11. After driving through slush or water, test the brakes while moving at a

reduced speed. If the brakes do not operate normally, continue at a slow speed while

maintaining moderate pressure on the brake pedal to create a slight drag. The heat

generated by friction between the brake shoe and brake drum may dry the brakes.

7.9.2.2.12. Keep the cab door open when crossing frozen streams. This ensures that

the GMV operator can exit the vehicle if the ice thins and they are in danger of falling

through the ice.

7.9.2.3. Parking.

7.9.2.3.1. Place brush, boards, or other suitable material beneath wheels when

parking for an extended period on wet, slushy, or muddy surfaces. This keeps the

tires from sinking, freezing to the ground, or being “pocketed” in ice.

7.9.2.3.2. Do not set the parking brake. During cold weather conditions, applying the

parking brake may cause the linings to freeze to the brake drums.

7.9.2.3.3. Instead, block the wheels and place the transmission in the appropriate gear

for parking as directed by the vehicle Manufacturer’s Operator’s Manual, TO and/or

respective lesson plan.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 59

7.9.2.4. Vehicle Care.

7.9.2.4.1. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. This poisoning, from inhaling the exhaust

fumes of the vehicle, usually results in death. To avoid the possibility of inhaling

these fumes:

7.9.2.4.1.1. Never sleep in the cab of the vehicle with the engine or heater

running. Whenever the heater is used while driving, leave a window open

slightly.

7.9.2.4.1.2. Inspect the vehicle exhaust manifold, muffler and tail pipe for

serviceability and tightness daily.

7.9.2.4.1.3. Never leave the engine running while working on the vehicle in a

closed building.

7.9.2.4.2. Keep all fuel tanks and containers as nearly full as possible to keep

moisture from condensing inside the fuel tanks and containers. Moisture not only

contaminates the gasoline, but also may freeze in the fuel lines.

7.9.2.4.3. Drain the air tanks in the vehicle each time it is stopped (long enough for

the tanks to become cold). This procedure reduces the chance of moisture collecting

in the tanks, entering the brake lines, freezing, and making the brakes inoperative.

7.9.2.4.4. On brief halts during extremely cold weather, let the engine run at a fast

idle so that the ammeter shows a charge. Fast idle results in better burning of fuel and

a more even engine temperature. On long halts, park the vehicle with the rear end

toward the wind to keep snow out of the engine.

7.9.2.4.5. Under normal operating conditions, stop the engine during brief halts. This

can prevent plug fouling and overheating.

7.9.2.4.6. When it is very cold, cover the radiator and hood with a tarpaulin or other

suitable material.

7.9.2.4.7. In severe cold, start the engine frequently between operating periods to

keep it warm.

7.9.2.5. Means of Traction Assistance.

7.9.2.5.1. When driving on snow or ice, make sure the vehicle is equipped with

chains, snow tires, or studded tires.

7.9.2.5.2. Vehicles equipped with mud and snow tires can slide more easily on icy

road surfaces than those with commercial tread. Mud and snow treads are more

effective on roads covered with loosely packed snow.

7.9.2.5.3. All-wheel drive vehicles, without chains, generally perform better than

two-wheel drive vehicles with chains on rear wheels.

7.9.2.5.4. Chains give a good bite in snow or mud, but tend to slip and slide on ice

and packed snow.

7.9.2.5.5. Sand, cinders, or dirt scattered on icy road surfaces gives more traction

than chains.

60 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

7.9.2.5.6. Better traction is gained when the load is distributed evenly on all wheels.

7.9.2.6. Tire Chains and Tire Chain Installation. Chains are designed to creep or

move on the tires. Tighten them by hand, never with tools. Creeping or moving of

chains reduces the possibility of the links gouging into the tires. When using chains

continuously, check their fit and condition at each halt. Install repair links as soon as one

of the cross chains is broken. Do the following when installing tire chains under normal

conditions:

7.9.2.6.1. Check the condition of the chains. Eliminate twists. On some vehicles, tire

chains must be installed on all driving wheels. (T-0). Check the manufacturer’s

operator’s manual, Technical Order and/or respective lesson plan.

7.9.2.6.2. Drape chains over tires with open ends of cross chain hooks away from the

tire and with fasteners on the trailing ends of the side chains.

7.9.2.6.3. Tuck the first cross chain under the front of the tire. Move the vehicle

forward until the fasteners are hub high.

7.9.2.6.4. Straighten and center the chains. Lift the ends of the side chains to

determine which links may be hooked into the fasteners.

7.9.2.6.5. If installing on duals, first fasten chains between wheels, then inner chains,

and finally the outer chain. If installing on singles, fasten the inner chain before the

outer chain.

7.9.2.6.6. Do the following when the vehicle is mired:

7.9.2.6.6.1. Determine whether to install the chains with a forward or backward

wheel motion.

7.9.2.6.6.2. Check the condition of the chains. Eliminate twists.

7.9.2.6.6.3. Drape chains over tires with open ends of cross chain hooks away

from the tire and with fasteners on the trailing ends of the side chains.

7.9.2.6.6.4. Locate the first cross chain near mud or snow line. If the chains are

dual, fold the inner half of the chain over top of the outer half. This makes a

doubled chain on the outer wheel. For this reason, the methods listed below then

apply to either dual or single wheels.

7.9.2.6.6.5. Secure one end of each side chain to the wheel by a strong wire, cord,

or chain passed through the opening in the wheel and fasten to the inner and outer

side chains adjacent to the first cross chain.

7.9.2.6.6.6. Pull the chain back to take up slack and align with tire. To keep the

loose chain from one wheel from being caught up by the other, pile it close behind

the wheel to which it is secured.

7.9.2.6.6.7. Revolve wheels slowly to draw chains around tires. Stop when

fasteners are at the top of the tires. Pull side chains up tight to select links to be

hooked into fasteners. Hook the inner side chain first.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 61

7.9.2.6.6.8. When the vehicle has been moved to solid ground, loosen and

remove the temporary wires, cords, or chains. Adjust the chains to their proper

position.

7.9.3. Fog. Fog is dangerous at any time, but particularly so at night. It is possible that fog

can be so thick that an operator can barely see the front of the vehicle.

7.9.3.1. In dense fog, get off the road as quickly as possible.

7.9.3.2. Thick fog can collect in small pockets at the bottom of hills on otherwise clear

nights. When running into one of these pockets, slow down as quickly as possible and

switch to the low-beam headlights.

7.9.3.3. Once through the fog, continue to drive slowly. One pocket of fog is usually a

warning that there may be more fog at the bottom of the next hill. Continue to drive

slowly until completely out of the fog area.

7.10. Secondary Roads. Secondary roads, built for local transportation and not as main

highways, may be hazardous. The fact that a secondary road is paved does not necessarily mean

that it was designed for heavy traffic or regular highway speeds.

7.10.1. Secondary roads are recognizable by their rectangular route signs.

7.10.2. An operator who is unfamiliar with one of these roads should be on guard for sudden

bends and sharp dips.

7.10.3. Secondary roads cannot be driven safely at speeds that would be normal on primary

highways. Operators should adjust to a safe speed and adjust their driving and awareness.

7.10.4. Gravel roads are particularly dangerous because of their loose surface and flat

(unbanked) curves. Stopping distances at all speeds are greater and skids and spinouts are

more likely to occur. On gravel roads, keep the vehicle under tight control and drive at a

much lower speed than would be safer on a paved road.

7.11. Overloading and Overcrowding. No vehicle is safe when it is overloaded or crowded to

the point that the operator’s normal vision of the road is obstructed or they have difficulty

operating the vehicle.

7.11.1. Overloading. Do not use a car as a truck. A heavy load decreases performance and

increases stopping distances. A heavy load may also damage the springs, shock absorbers,

tires, and transmission. A heavy load or one that is not evenly distributed may upset the trim

and balance of a vehicle, making curves and stops more dangerous.

7.11.1.1. Loads on trucks and trailers should be securely fastened to prevent any part of

them from falling off. See Chapter 10 and vehicle specific lesson plan for loading and

tie-down instructions.

7.11.2. Overcrowding. As a general rule, an operator cannot safely drive if they allow more

than three persons, including themselves, in the front seat of a vehicle with the gearshift lever

on the steering column, or more than two persons with the gearshift on the floor of the

vehicle. (In some compact vehicles, the maximum safe limit may be only two, regardless of

the position of the gearshift.)

62 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

7.11.2.1. Overcrowding in the back seat (more than three persons) is dangerous because

it is likely to interfere with the line of sight from the rearview mirror.

7.11.2.2. When a vehicle is equipped with seat belts, the number of passengers will not

exceed the number of seat belts provided. (T-0).

Section 7C—Off-Road Driving

7.12. General Information. Off-road driving conditions present special challenges for the

GMV operator.

7.13. Off-Road Driving Terrain Types. The following section discusses different types of

terrain a GMV operator may encounter while driving off-road. Follow instructions for driving

under other than normal conditions. Driving techniques are different for rear-wheel drive, front-

wheel drive, and all-wheel drive vehicles. Operators of large GMVs should be aware, that due to

vehicle weight, the shoulder of the road might give way. NOTE: The operator should first check

the vehicle’s manufacturer’s operator’s manual and the respective lesson plan and/or Technical

Order for the equipment being operated.

7.13.1. Ditches.

7.13.1.1. Crossing shallow ditches requires shifting into low gear or range and

proceeding slowly.

7.13.1.2. Enter the ditch obliquely so that one wheel leaves the ditch as the other wheel

on the same side enters.

7.13.1.3. When crossing deep ditches, use the lowest forward gear and four-wheel drive

if the vehicle is so equipped.

7.13.1.4. When reaching the bottom, accelerate the motor enough to keep rolling as the

vehicle goes up the other side.

7.13.1.5. If the ditch is deep and has very steep sides, it may be necessary to cut away the

tops of the banks before trying to cross.

7.13.2. Gullies and Ravines. Gullies and ravines are natural formations caused by running

water.

7.13.2.1. Look over these formations carefully to find a place to cross and to ensure that

the vehicle can get across. Examine both banks.

7.13.2.2. If water is flowing in the ravine, check its depth.

7.13.2.3. Put the vehicle in low gear and slowly approach the ravine at a right angle to

the edge.

7.13.2.4. Using the service brake, ease the front wheels into the gully; taking care to

have them strike the bottom at the same time.

7.13.2.5. Bring the engine up to normal operating speed as the wheels hit the bottom.

Accelerate enough to climb as the front wheels touch the opposite bank.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 63

7.13.3. Woods. Woods help to conceal the GMV operator and their vehicle from air

observation. However, woods present certain problems. Wooded areas are likely spots for

guerrillas, partisans, or enemy troops. Be alert to the possibility of an ambush.

7.13.3.1. Fairly open woods with trees at least as far apart as the width of the vehicle

may allow passage if the GMV operator can maneuver the vehicle around the trees.

7.13.3.2. Use an established trail if possible.

7.13.3.3. Do not plan to return on the same route because these same saplings may stop

or damage the vehicle when braced against it.

7.13.3.4. If the trees are too dense and prevent passage, drive as closely as possible to the

edge of the woods using shadows for concealment.

7.13.4. Stumps. A high tree stump, if straddled by the vehicle, can seriously damage the

vehicle axles, tires, and other low parts. Check ground clearances and drive with caution.

7.13.5. Low Limbs. When driving through wooded areas, whether on country roads or

cross-country, low hanging limbs may rip the tarp, break the tarp bows or radio antennas.

7.13.5.1. It is usually best to remove the canvas top and the bows for field operation.

7.13.5.2. Survey the route to determine if the vehicle can proceed without damage from

low-hanging limbs or if it is practicable to remove obstructing limbs.

7.13.6. Timber. If necessary, driving over fallen trees is possible if angle crossings cannot

be achieved. By piling dirt and other materials/debris over the fallen tree, the obstacle can

become more level with the path being traveled enabling the GMV operator to pass.

7.13.7. Rocky Terrain.

7.13.7.1. Do not try to straddle large boulders; they may damage axles and other low

parts of the vehicle.

7.13.7.2. Move very slowly when driving in rocky terrain.

7.13.7.3. If available, operators of GMVs should carry an extra spare tire because the

possibility of getting a flat is greatly increased.

7.13.7.4. Remove stones between dual tires as often as possible to prevent breaking the

sidewalls of the tires.

7.13.8. Mud and Swamps. Every military vehicle has enough power in its lowest gear to

pull out of mud if it gets traction.

7.13.8.1. Try to pull out slowly in low gear or low range if the vehicle is equipped with

an automatic transmission. Placing boards, brush, or similar material under the vehicle’s

wheels can increase traction. Remember the following:

7.13.8.1.1. Select the gear that can get the vehicle through. Roll onto the soft area at

a medium speed for the selected gear. Carefully maintain a steady throttle until

reaching solid ground.

7.13.8.1.2. If stopped by mud rolling up in front of the wheels, the GMV operator

may have to back up and try again, this time with increased momentum.

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7.13.8.1.3. Under most conditions, this technique requires prompt action. Otherwise,

the mud may fill the tracks behind the wheels and slow or stop the backing. There

needs to be solid footing within reach of the vehicle in order to do this.

7.13.8.1.4. If a vehicle with an automatic transmission gets stuck, pull out slowly in

low gear or low range.

7.13.8.1.5. If the vehicle cannot get out, and if brush or boards do not provide the

traction needed, have another vehicle pull out the stuck vehicle.

7.13.8.1.6. When other vehicles are not available and the vehicle is equipped with a

winch, attach the winch cable to a tree or solid object and pull the vehicle out with

winch power. Do not rock the vehicle; it may only dig in.

7.13.9. Streams. The applicable Manufacturer’s Operator’s Manual and lesson plan written

for the specific vehicle contain detailed instructions on fording streams. In addition to those

instructions, follow these precautions before fording:

7.13.9.1. Check the stream bottom to determine how firm it is.

7.13.9.1.1. If some sinking is expected, determine if this sinking added to the water

depth may exceed the vehicle’s fording limit. If the fording limit may be exceeded,

find another crossing point.

7.13.9.2. After reaching dry land, test the brakes while moving at a reduced speed. If the

brakes do not operate properly, continue at a slow speed while maintaining a light steady

pressure on the brake pedal to cause a slight drag on them. The heat should dry the

brakes.

7.13.10. Sand. When driving in sand, never drive while holding the inside of the steering

wheel. The sand can grab the tires causing the steering wheel to jerk suddenly and cause

injury to the operator.

7.13.10.1. The main objective when driving in sand is to maintain movement with the

least amount of strain on the vehicle, its engine, and its power train. The GMV

operator’s ability to do these things well comes only through experience. To do this:

7.13.10.1.1. Estimate if a sandy area is drivable.

7.13.10.1.2. Adjust the tire pressure to meet changing conditions.

7.13.10.1.3. Use various aids to improve bearing surfaces.

7.13.10.1.4. Exercise sound driving techniques.

7.13.10.2. Accessories. To help overcome the many difficult conditions associated with

extended driving in sand, the GMV operator should lubricate and service the vehicle at

more frequent intervals as specified by the unit commander. Also, the GMV operator

should be provided with the following:

7.13.10.2.1. A tire gauge.

7.13.10.2.2. The means to inflate tires if the vehicle is not so equipped.

7.13.10.2.3. Spare valve cores.

7.13.10.2.4. Readily available material for use under wheels in extremely soft areas.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 65

7.13.10.2.5. Shovels and tow chains or cables.

7.13.10.3. Sound Driving Techniques for the Sand.

7.13.10.3.1. Follow normal engine starting procedures.

7.13.10.3.1.1. Select a gear or range that can start to move the vehicle forward

with a minimum of, or no clutch slippage and wheel spinning.

7.13.10.3.1.2. Accelerate gradually. Maintain a steady and even rate of

movement.

7.13.10.3.1.3. Avoid unnecessary shifting of gears. If the vehicle is equipped

with an automatic transmission, keep it in low range.

7.13.10.3.2. Anticipate difficult spots and try to bypass them.

7.13.10.3.2.1. Head for a small stretch of soft sand with increased speed, when

necessary, to take advantage of momentum. Stop before entering an extensive

stretch of soft sand. Reduce the tire pressure, if necessary.

7.13.10.3.2.2. As soon as the need for low tire pressure ceases, stop and re-inflate

to appropriate pressure.

7.13.10.3.3. Approach a dune (hill of sand piled up by the wind) from the windward

(most gradual) slope at a 90-degree angle.

7.13.10.3.3.1. Select the proper gear or range to avoid shifting while on the slope.

Maintain as much momentum as possible while going up the slope.

7.13.10.3.3.2. Be prepared to change direction upon reaching the crest. Ride the

crest if necessary to seek a safe route.

7.13.10.3.3.3. If the lee (steepest) slope may be used, select a point where the

angle of approach may allow the front bumper to clear.

7.13.10.3.3.4. Follow in the tracks of preceding vehicles or break a new path

depending on conditions.

7.13.10.3.3.5. Make wide turns. Sharp turns can stall or even overturn the

vehicle.

7.13.10.4. Do the following to stop in sand:

7.13.10.4.1. Let the vehicle roll to a halt if practicable. Otherwise, brake gradually.

This prevents tires from digging in.

7.13.10.4.2. Try to stop on a downhill slope. This gives a GMV operator an

advantage when starting.

7.13.10.5. Freeing Vehicle from the Sand. At the first sign the vehicle is bogging down,

try shifting to a lower gear. Do the following if it still bogs down:

7.13.10.5.1. Stop power to the driving wheels. If a GMV operator continues to use

the motor to force the vehicle out of the sand, it may only sink deeper and become

more difficult to get out.

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7.13.10.5.2. Check tires for sand operation inflation. High temperature may have

built up the pressure. Lower the tire pressure, if necessary, for emergency movement

over a short distance. Check the applicable Manufacturer’s Operator’s Manual and

respective vehicle lesson plan for the allowable minimum tire pressure.

7.13.10.5.3. As soon as the need for low tire pressure ceases, stop and re-inflate the

tires to the appropriate pressure.

7.13.10.5.4. If lowered tire pressure is not enough to free the vehicle, use any or all

of the following procedures:

7.13.10.5.4.1. Shovel a clear path ahead of the wheels.

7.13.10.5.4.2. Lay boards, brush, canvas, wire netting, rope ladders, or some

similar material under and in front of the tires for better flotation and traction.

7.13.10.5.4.3. Use the winch or a tow if it appears that continued operation of the

vehicle under its own power would only cause it to sink deeper into the sand.

7.13.10.5.4.4. If a vehicle is stuck in sand and needs pulled out, unload the

vehicle to the maximum extent possible.

7.13.10.5.4.5. As soon as the need for low pressure ceases, stop and re-inflate tire

to appropriate pressure.

7.14. Vehicle Care. In addition to responsibilities contained in the respective Manufacturer’s

Operator’s Manual and lesson plan. A GMV operator must do the following: (T-1).

7.14.1. Keep valve caps on all tires. (T-1).

7.14.2. Check engine temperature and oil pressure frequently. (T-1).

7.14.3. Check for a loose or broken fan belt if overheating occurs. (T-1). Correct as

necessary. (T-1).

7.14.4. Clean the oil spout before adding oil. (T-1). Remove any accumulation of sand or

dirt around the filler hole. (T-1).

7.14.5. Clean the spouts of gasoline containers before using them for refueling. (T-1).

Under extremely dirty conditions, filter gasoline when filling tank.

7.14.6. Inspect nuts, bolts, springs, mountings, and accessories frequently for evidence of

looseness or damage. (T-1).

7.14.7. Park with the rear of the vehicle toward the wind when halted overnight or for any

extended period. (T-1).

7.14.7.1. If this is not possible, cover the windshield and radiator with a tarpaulin to

prevent sand from accumulating in the engine compartment and damage to the

windshield.

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Chapter 8

ROADSIDE EMERGENCY AND ACCIDENT RESPONSE

Section 8A—General Information

8.1. General Information. There are some roadside emergencies and accidents that are

unavoidable. However, many times the operator is the cause because they are driving carelessly,

driving too fast, not obeying traffic signals or signs, or failing to take proper care of the vehicle.

The techniques discussed in this chapter can assist the GMV operator in avoiding roadside

emergencies and accidents, and can aid in the proper response in the event that an emergency or

accident were to occur.

Section 8B—Roadside Emergencies

8.2. Tire Blowouts. An operator seldom receives a warning before a tire blowout. There is

usually a loud bang, and then a whooshing and flapping sound before the vehicle starts swerving

to one side or swaying dangerously.

8.2.1. An operator should use all his/her strength on the steering wheel to keep the vehicle

moving straight ahead. Let-off the gas but do not apply the brakes. Let the vehicle slow

down gradually and then gently apply the brakes and get the vehicle under control.

8.2.2. If in a passing lane when a blowout occurs, do not attempt to get to the highway

shoulder until the lanes on the right are clear. When lanes are clear, move over as far to the

right side of the road as safely possible on the shoulder and stop. If in a jurisdiction where

the operator primarily drives on the left side of the road, move over as far to the left side of

the road as safely possible on the shoulder and stop.

8.3. Skids. Almost all skids can be avoided if driving slowly enough and if the operator stops,

starts, and turns slowly enough on slippery surfaces. If the vehicle starts to skid, the operator

may be able to regain control if they ease up slowly on the accelerator and do not apply the

brakes.

8.3.1. Always make sure the vehicle is kept in gear. If the skid occurs when braking, the

operator should remove his/her foot from the brake. It may be necessary to feed gas

carefully to reduce the braking effect of the engine. In either case, the reason for reducing

the brake action is to keep the wheels from slowing down too quickly and making the skid

worse.

8.3.2. At the same time, turn the steering wheel in the direction of the skid (see Figure 8.1).

If the rear end of the vehicle is skidding to the right, turn the steering wheel to the right. If it

is skidding to the left, turn the steering wheel to the left. Do not turn the steering wheel too

sharply or keep it turned too long since this may cause the vehicle to start skidding in the

opposite direction.

8.3.3. Ease the steering wheel back to the center position as the vehicle starts to recover from

the skid and regain control of the vehicle. Let the engine slow the vehicle down gradually. If

the brakes are applied, do not hold the pedal down. Pump the pedal gently until the vehicle

comes to a complete stop. Figure 8.1 shows how to recover from a skid.

68 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Figure 8.1. Recovering from a Skid.

8.4. Running Off the Pavement. At some point, a vehicle may drift off the roadway onto the

shoulder or may been steered onto the shoulder to avoid a collision. There may be a drop-off of

several inches from the edge of the road to the shoulder. Pulling-off onto the shoulder and

returning to the roadway can be done safely:

8.4.1. If the two right or left wheels of the vehicle veer off the paved roadway, keep a firm

grip on the steering wheel. Keep the vehicle traveling straight ahead. Straddle the edge of

the pavement. Fight the tendency of the wheels to pull toward soft shoulders. Resist the

urge to immediately whip the vehicle back onto the pavement.

8.4.2. Ease-off the accelerator pedal so the vehicle can slow down. If possible, avoid

braking. If braking is necessary, pump the brakes lightly to help control steering.

8.4.3. Before returning to the pavement, visually check ahead, to the sides, and to the rear.

Unless some object beside the road poses a serious threat of a collision, avoid trying to return

to the roadway immediately. Move the off-road tires out about one and a half to two feet

away from the pavement edge. When it is safe and speed is under control, turn the wheel

quickly about a quarter turn to the right or left as necessary. This lets the tire climb the

pavement edge and get back on the roadway.

8.4.4. As soon as the front tires are back on the roadway, counter steer quickly to maintain

the proper lane.

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8.5. Brake Failure.

8.5.1. If the brakes fail and the failure is not related to engine failure, pump the brake pedal

rapidly (if vehicle has hydraulic brakes) to restore braking action long enough to get off the

highway.

8.5.2. If this does not work, apply steady pressure to the parking brake that controls the rear

wheels. Be careful when using the parking brake to stop and be prepared to release the brake

if the rear wheels lock. Reapply the parking brake if needed. Downshifting the vehicle also

serves as a braking force.

8.5.3. Find an escape ramp or a safe exit from the highway. Communicate the emergency to

other drivers by sounding the horn and flashing the lights. In more extreme cases, more

severe methods may be required to slow the vehicle. An operator may have to run along an

embankment; scrape against a curve; or drive into bushes, hedges, or other obstructions.

8.6. Breakdowns. In the event of a vehicle breakdown, follow these general guidelines:

8.6.1. Whether day or night, the GMV operator will always turn on the four-way flasher

warning lights. (T-0).

8.6.2. Place warning devices contained in the highway warning kit as prescribed in the kit

instructional manual. If the instructions are not with the kit, follow the procedures in

paragraph 8.10

8.6.3. Remove the vehicle from the main traveled portion of the road, if possible. If it is

impossible to get the vehicle off the road and it is obstructed from view by a curve or hill,

walk back along the shoulder of the road to a position where it is possible to signal

approaching drivers to stop in time.

8.6.4. Do not attempt to make repairs on the vehicle while it is in an exposed position on the

road.

8.6.5. For disabled vehicles, GMV operators will notify Vehicle Management and his/her

unit through his/her chain-of-command. (T-1).

8.6.6. Flat tire. If the vehicle has a flat tire, it is possible to damage the tire beyond repair if

the operator continues to drive on it. The operator should gradually bring the vehicle to a

stop and, if possible, pull over to the side of the road.

Section 8C—Vehicle Fires

8.7. Preventing Vehicle Fires. There are several means to prevent vehicle fires. Below are

some, but not all precautions that should be taken by the GMV operator:

8.7.1. Refueling. Turn-off the engine during refueling. Do not allow smoking or open

flames within 50 feet of a vehicle during fueling or at an accident scene where there is danger

from spilled gasoline or other flammables. If tactical refueling, ensure refueling vehicle and

customer vehicle are bonded together prior to refueling. Keep the gasoline nozzle in contact

with the gas tank when fueling.

70 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

8.7.2. Flares. When flares are authorized, issue instructions for their handling and storage

on the vehicle. Since flares are a potential fire hazard, it is imperative that operators take the

prescribed precautions when handling them. Ignited flares will not be attached to a vehicle.

(T-0). Flares are prohibited on vehicles transporting explosives or flammable cargo.

8.7.3. Transporting Flammable Cargo. Do not allow smoking within 50 feet of the

vehicle when transporting explosives or flammable cargo. Do not allow the vehicle to be

exposed to open flames or explosives when it is loaded with flammables or explosives.

8.7.4. Transporting Bulk Flammable Liquids. Vehicles designed for transporting bulk

flammable liquids will be permanently marked with warning signs. (T-0).

8.7.4.1. When a general-purpose vehicle is used to transport liquid fuels or other

dangerous cargo, it is the operator’s responsibility to place the prescribed warning signs

on the vehicle. When dispatched to transport dangerous cargo, ask a supervisor for

special instructions and warning signs for the vehicle.

8.7.4.2. Title 49 CFR Part 172, Hazardous Materials Table, Special Provisions,

Hazardous Materials Communications, Emergency Response Information, Training

Requirements, and Security Plans prescribes the warning placards for vehicles

transporting hazardous cargo in the CONUS. When operating overseas, be sure to have

the required warning signs for all the countries in which driving is required.

8.7.4.3. Take emergency measures provided in the vehicle’s lesson plan and

Manufacturer’s Operator’s Manual when bulk fuel transporters develop leaks.

8.7.4.4. When dispensing fuel to another vehicle or a tank, a ground cable must be

secured to the dispensing vehicle and the vehicle or tank being filled (Grounding and

Bonding). (T-0).

8.8. Fighting Vehicle Fires. Due to the limited resources available for fighting a vehicle fire,

send for help from professional fire fighters when possible. Common firefighting equipment

usually consists of a hand fire extinguisher and any available natural materials (such as sand and

water). Those resources, when applied at the start of a fire, have a good chance of bringing it

under control. However, if the fire is out of control, attempting to extinguish it with inadequate

equipment not only diminishes the possibility of successfully extinguishing the fire, but it also

endangers the lives of the operator and others nearby.

8.8.1. When it is discovered that a vehicle is on fire: Pull the vehicle off-the-road in an open

area away from buildings, trees, brush, vehicles, or anything else that might catch fire. Do

not pull into a service station. Notify the fire and police departments. Prevent the fire from

spreading. With an engine fire, turn-off the engine as soon as possible. Do not open the

hood if avoidable.

8.8.2. Use the correct type of fire extinguisher. B- and C-rating extinguishers are designed

to work on electrical and liquid fires. The A, B, and C type extinguishers are designed to

work on burning wood, paper, and cloth; as well as electrical and liquid fires.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 71

8.8.3. Know how to use the fire extinguisher. Stay far away as possible from the fire. Aim

at the source or the base of the fire, not up in the flames. Take a position upwind from the

fire. This can allow the wind to carry the extinguisher chemicals to the fire, limiting the

possibility of the flames coming towards you, causing harm and interfering with

extinguishing attempts. Do not attempt to extinguish a fire if unfamiliar with firefighting

techniques and equipment.

8.8.4. Cargo fires in trucks and trailers are usually discovered by smell or observing smoke

escaping from around doors and/or from under the tarpaulin. Unless an adequate source of

firefighting equipment is available, do not open the cargo doors or remove the tarpaulin until

the vehicle has been moved to a safe location where help (preferably from a fire department)

can be obtained. After help has been obtained, the doors may be opened cautiously or the

tarpaulin partially removed and the source of the fire determined. It may be necessary to

remove part of the cargo to find the source of the fire.

8.8.5. Tires that are not inflated properly generate excessive heat during operation. This

may result in the tires igniting, especially in dual-wheeled vehicles. Tires dragged along the

road surface because of a locked wheel may begin to burn. Fires resulting from these

conditions may be prevented by keeping the tires properly inflated, recognizing any

difference in the performance of the vehicle that would indicate a locked wheel, and

promptly taking corrective action. If a tire does start burning, it may not be possible to

extinguish it with firefighting equipment. However; further damage may be prevented by

employing the following measures:

8.8.5.1. When possible, attempt to extinguish the fire by covering it with sand, mud or

water.

8.8.5.2. When the wheel cannot be safely removed; drive the vehicle into sand, mud, or

water and cover any exposed parts with mud or a similar substance.

8.8.5.3. When the fire cannot be controlled by the above procedures, use the vehicle

firefighting equipment or other suitable substance to prevent the fire from spreading. Do

not attempt to transport a burned tire on the vehicle unless the fire is completely

extinguished and the tire has cooled to normal temperate.

Section 8D—Roadside Tool Kits

8.9. Spare Tire and Tool Kit. The operator must ensure that the vehicle is equipped with the

proper tools in case of an emergency breakdown. (T-1). The vehicle should have a suitable

jack, lug wrench, and screwdriver; as well as any additional tools based on conditions (such as

bad weather, difficult terrain, warfare, and so forth). The unit Vehicle Control Official will

provide a spare tire, tool kit, and basic issue items for each vehicle. (T-1).

8.10. Highway Warning Kit. This kit has reflectors that can be used in all cases where

warning is necessary (see Figure 8.2).

72 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

8.10.1. All Air Force GMVs, capable of carrying ten or more persons or with a rated

capacity of more than four tons, will be equipped with approved highway warning kits. (T-

0). Vehicles of lesser capacity that regularly operate over public highways will also be

equipped with warning kits. (T-0). These kits stay with vehicles regularly used on public

highways. Additional kits are stored with Ground Transportation. The kits are issued for

specific trips when required.

8.10.2. Convoys will be equipped with one kit for each ten vehicles, with a minimum of two

kits per convoy. (T-1). Of the total kits, at least one will be carried in the trail vehicle. (T-

1). Instructions for use will accompany each kit when issued. (T-1). The unit Vehicle

Control Official will furnish the highway warning kit IAW AFI 24-301. (T-1).

Figure 8.2. Use of Highway Warning Kits.

8.11. Use of Highway Warning Kit. Whenever a vehicle is inoperative or unable to move on a

traveled portion of any highway, the following instructions will be complied with immediately

(except in blackouts or within business or residential districts where traffic conditions do not

permit or warrant the placing of warning devices): (T-0).

8.11.1. Make every reasonable effort to move the vehicle from the traveled portion of the

roadway onto the shoulder if possible.

8.11.2. When lights are required (sunset to sunrise), place a reflector in the obstructed lane,

or on the shoulder of the road if the vehicle is on or over the shoulder, between the vehicle

and the approaching traffic using that lane. Do this before trying to repair the vehicle. Place

the reflectors as follows:

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 73

8.11.2.1. One reflector in the center of the lane of traffic occupied by the vehicle, not less

than 40 paces (about 100 feet) from the vehicle in the direction of traffic approaching in

that lane. If the vehicle is on or over the shoulder and does not occupy a traffic lane,

place the warning device alongside the edge of the roadway to avoid obstructing the

traffic lane.

8.11.2.2. One reflector on the traffic side of the vehicle 4 paces (about 10 feet) to its rear,

in the direction of traffic approaching in that lane.

8.11.2.3. One reflector not less than 40 paces from the vehicle in the opposite direction.

8.11.2.4. If the motor vehicle is stopped within 300 feet of a curve, crest of a hill, or

other obstruction to view, place one reflector no less than 40 paces or more than 120

paces from the vehicle to afford ample warning to other highway users.

8.11.2.5. When lights are not required (sunrise to sunset), place red flags or reflectors

with flags mounted on them as prescribed for night. Since most warning kits contain

only two flags, the reflector placed 20 feet behind the vehicle will not have a flag

mounted on it. (T-1).

8.11.3. A basic vehicle highway warning kit containing three sets of reflectors and two red

flags which are acceptable in most states. Some states also require items, such as flares in

the kit. However, vehicles transporting compressed gases, explosives, or flammable liquids

will use three red electric flashing lanterns instead of flares. (T-0). Check the kit and/or

additional items periodically to ensure compliance with local legal requirements.

Section 8E—Off-Base Repair Service

8.12. Off-Base Repair Service. Vehicle Management can furnish local procedures and policies

for the off-base area to be served by the installation’s vehicle maintenance crew. When the

vehicle needs service at an off-base location and it is too far away to obtain practical vehicle

maintenance furnished from the base, proceed according to the instructions below:

8.12.1. Contact the vehicle’s owning unit and Vehicle Management to make them aware of

the needed repair and to gain additional guidance and coordination pertaining to repair

services, dispatch support and vehicle recovery.

8.12.2. For most minor repair services, use of the government credit card is authorized IAW

with AFI 24-302.

Section 8F—Accident Response

8.13. Initial Accident Response Procedures. If involved in an accident, always stop and assist.

Exception: The only possible exception to this rule might be in combat or in case of military

necessity when operating under definite orders not to stop.

8.13.1. Assist in acquiring medical attention and/or authorities for the individuals involved

in the accident.

8.13.1.1. If anyone appears injured, render first aid.

74 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

8.13.1.2. State laws require that police will be summoned to all motor vehicle accidents.

(T-0). The military cooperates with civil authorities that are responsible for investigating

all accidents on public highways.

8.13.1.3. If in an area controlled by armed services police; send for them or ask someone

to do so. The armed services police must complete their own investigation of the

accident. (T-0). Cooperate and assist them in every way.

8.13.2. Whenever practical, the GMV operator or assistant operator (if present) will report

the accident to his/her unit commander using the chain-of-command by telephone as soon as

duties at the scene of the accident have been completed. (T-1).

8.13.3. Emergency roadside repair involves replacing or repairing automotive accessories at

the point of breakdown. Repair is limited to the guidelines of the region responsible for the

installation Vehicle Management and the local installation policies. Repairs of this type

include tires, tubes, batteries, and automotive accessories. When government facilities are

nearby, use them (if possible) instead of commercial facilities. Vehicle Management will

normally advise an operator if a government facility is readily available or if a commercial

source must be used. (T-1). The operator may be held liable for the bill if this procedure is

not followed.

8.13.4. The person who signs for a government credit card is solely responsible for the

control and purchases made with the card. Credit card purchases must be substantiated with

a copy of the service station receipt. (T-0). In addition to the information normally shown

on delivery receipts, ensure that the speedometer reading and the registration (or license)

number of the vehicle and the operator’s name, grade, and organization are put on the receipt.

The receipt must also show the credit card number; date of purchase; name and address of the

station; the grade, quantity, and price per gallon of fuel; and the total amount charged. (T-0).

Upon returning to the base, the operator will return the credit card issued and a copy of any

credit card receipts to Vehicle Management. (T-1).

8.14. Precautions Against Further Accidents. After a motor vehicle accident, the vehicle or

vehicles involved are frequently in dangerous locations. Often a crowd assembles around the

accident.

8.14.1. To prevent additional accidents, damage, or injury; be sure to post guards, flags,

flares, or lights (except in a blackout) to warn all other traffic to proceed with caution.

8.14.2. If civil or armed forces police are present, they will direct traffic. (T-0). If Airmen

are present, they should be asked to act as guards.

8.14.3. Cargo, glass, or other debris spilled on the highway (as a result of the accident)

should be cleared from the road surface as soon as possible.

8.15. Removal of Vehicle From Accident Scene.

8.15.1. Moving the vehicle from the scene of the accident is governed by laws or regulations

of the state or area where the accident occurred. Obtain all the necessary data relating to the

accident before moving the vehicle. If possible, the GMV operator or passengers should

document (drawing, marking, photographing, or otherwise) the exact position of all vehicles

and objects before moving them.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 75

Section 8G—Preparation of Accident Forms

8.16. Preparation of Accident Forms. The following forms assist in documenting accidents:

8.16.1. DD Form 518 (Accident Identification Form ). The purpose of the DD Form 518

(Figure 8.3) is to give any persons involved in an accident all of the information required

from the military operator.

8.16.1.1. This form must be filled out at the scene of the accident or as promptly as

possible and given to the person directly concerned. (T-0). If the accident involves a

parked vehicle and the person concerned is not present, place the DD Form 518 in the

vehicle or secure it on the windshield. Notify local authorities and then stand by the

scene of the accident for their arrival, if practical.

8.16.1.2. Disclosure of social security number is voluntary. Based on a failure to share

information, no disciplinary action will be taken in cases where the social security

number is not provided. (T-0).

8.16.2. SF Form 91. Even though an accident is minor or is not the operator’s fault, the

operator must report it so facts are clearly presented and witnesses are identified. (T-0).

This protects the operator and the government against claims and exaggerations. For the

purpose of reporting an accident, use SF Form 91.

Figure 8.3. DD Form 518.

76 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

8.16.2.1. In completing SF Form 91 (Figure 8.4, Figure 8.5, Figure 8.6, Figure 8.7),

keep the following general instructions in mind:

8.16.2.2. Secure hard-to-get facts first. The first responsibility of the operator, after

ensuring that the vehicle will not cause another accident, is that the injured are cared for,

and other precautions are taken. (T-1). The operator should also get the names and

addresses of the people involved in the accident and of all witnesses. If this is not done

promptly, it may be impossible to later get the information.

8.16.2.3. Do not leave the scene of the accident until all pertinent facts concerning the

accident have been obtained. This information should include the following:

8.16.2.3.1. Condition of the road.

8.16.2.3.2. Position of the vehicles.

8.16.2.3.3. Amount of damage involved.

8.16.2.3.4. Any other information that may be relevant, but difficult to remember at a

later time.

8.16.2.4. After obtaining the information required for the report that may include

information from others, the operator should complete the sections of the SF Form 91. Be

exact. Be sure the report gives a clear picture of what actually happened.

8.16.2.4.1. If another vehicle is involved, the operator’s diagram of the accident

should show exactly where the vehicles were before and after the crash and exactly

what obstacles blocked either driver’s view.

8.16.2.4.2. Every name should be spelled correctly and every street address listed by

number. On highways where there are no house numbers, use mileage markers,

power line or telephone pole numbers, or intersecting roads to pinpoint the location of

the accident.

8.16.2.4.3. State the visible damage (for example, crushed right rear wheel, bent or

broken axle, crumpled fender, and so on). If a party claims that damage has occurred,

but it is not visible to the operator, a note indicating this should be made.

8.16.2.4.4. Follow the same procedures with injuries. If an injury is visible, write it

down. If the injured party claims an injury that is not visible, make a note of the

injured party’s complaint.

8.16.2.4.5. If it is not possible to obtain the exact information on an item, write

“unknown.” If there is a section that does not pertain to the accident, write “N/A” or

“NONE.” Make an entry in every blank, to assure the reviewer that nothing was

overlooked.

8.16.2.5. Never express an opinion (either orally or in writing) to claimants or their

agents concerning liability, investigation findings, or the possibility of claim approval.

8.16.2.6. If more space is needed, use a separate sheet of paper to answer a question.

Write “see attached” in the space by the question on the report and attach the extra sheet

firmly to the report form.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 77

8.16.2.7. Check each item. As an agent for the United States government, it is the

operator’s responsibility to ensure that all information is obtained and is accurate. If

provided information does not seem legitimate, do not hesitate to further question the

other driver.

8.16.2.8. Any employee of a federal agency who fails to accurately report a motor

vehicle accident involving a federal vehicle may be subject to administrative action.

Figure 8.4. Sample Form of SF 91 (Page 1).

78 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Figure 8.5. Sample Form of SF 91 (Page 2).

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 79

Figure 8.6. SF Form 91 (Page 3).

80 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Figure 8.7. SF Form 91 (Page 4).

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 81

8.16.3. SF Form 94. This form must be filled out at the scene of the accident or as promptly

as possible and given to the person directly concerned. (T-0). If the accident involves a

parked vehicle and the person concerned is not present, place the SF 94 in the vehicle or

secure it on the windshield. Notify local authorities and then stand by the scene of the

accident for their arrival, if practical. See Figure 8.8 available at

https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/SF94-17a.pdf?forceDownload=1.

Figure 8.8. SF Form 94.

82 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Chapter 9

LOADING AND TIE-DOWN PROCEDURES

Section 9A—Loading and Tie-down Procedures General Information

9.1. General Information. This chapter covers the general aspects of transporting various

types of cargo with military vehicles. It does not cover every configuration of loading cargo.

Within CONUS units must adhere to local, state and interstate laws and regulations. Within

foreign countries, host nation guidelines/restrictions must be complied with. (T-0). For overseas

combat theaters of operation, combatant commanders must consider host nations

guidelines/restrictions when developing movement criteria for cargo. (T-0). For more detailed

information on loading and tie-down procedures and required compliance, refer to DTR 4500.9-

R Part II, Cargo Movement and Surface Deployment and Distribution Command Transportation

Engineering Agency (SDDCTEA) Pamphlet 55-20, Tie-down Handbook for Truck Movements.

Section 9B—Cargo Responsibility and Distribution

9.2. Responsibility for Cargo. The operator should help load his/her vehicle to ensure that the

load is properly secured to avoid damage during movement. The operator is responsible for the

cargo from the loading point to receipt at destination.

9.2.1. Inspect all cargo loaded in the vehicle.

9.2.2. Be sure that its weight does not exceed the vehicle’s capacity and that it is secured

against falling or shifting.

9.2.3. Shippers must ensure they have adequate chains, cables, or special tools required to

secure a load when blocking, bracing, or banding. (T-0).

9.2.4. After the load has been secured to the vehicle, recheck security before covering the

load. This may prevent shifting or loss of load en route.

9.2.5. The operator covers the load with the tarpaulin and lashes the tarpaulin in place.

9.2.6. Protection Against the Weather. Use the sides, tailgate, tarpaulin, curtains, and

ropes on the vehicle whenever needed to protect the load from rain, snow, sun, sand, or dust.

Draw tarpaulins tight over the bows or sides. Tie them down to the proper cleats with the tie-

down ropes, using two half hitches.

9.2.6.1. If properly tied down the canvas should look neat and be free from wrinkles and

bulges.

9.2.6.2. If improperly placed on the vehicle, the canvas develops rubbed spots and tears

that could reduce the tarpaulin’s effectiveness and may damage the cargo.

9.2.6.3. If the canvas is not in use, it should be folded, stored, and secured during

transport. However, to prevent mold and mildew, the canvas should not be stored if it is

wet. As soon as practicable after the job is done, spread out the wet canvas and let it dry

before storing it.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 83

9.2.7. Protect Against Pilferage. When cargo is protected against the weather, it is also

protected, to a degree, against pilferage. However, a GMV operator must stay constantly

aware of this danger. (T-0). Keeping close watch of people approaching the vehicle

provides the best protection. Loads may be pilfered while moving, as well as while halted.

If the cargo is particularly valuable or if operating in an area where theft is common, armed

guards may be assigned to assist with transporting the cargo.

9.2.8. Protection Against Casual Observation. When cargo is protected against the

weather, it is also protected against casual observation. Security for sensitive loads is very

important in a tactical situation. If the enemy is unable to identify a high-priority target that

the vehicle is carrying, chances of mission success have just been significantly improved.

Operators of GMVs should strive to constantly improve on concealing the identity of their

cargo in a threat environment. Load lashing and camouflage screens can be used for this

purpose.

9.3. Distribution of Cargo. The distribution of cargo definitely bears on the life of the tires,

axles, frame, and other vehicle parts. Although a vehicle may not be overloaded beyond its

weight capacity, individual tires and axles may still be overloaded due to faulty cargo

distribution (see Figure 9.1, Figure 9.2 and Figure 9.3).

9.3.1. Learn the capacity of any vehicle assigned to operate before leaving the dispatcher’s

office. No vehicle should be loaded beyond its rated capacity without written authority from

supervision. Operators can usually get the weight of the load from the shipping agency. If in

doubt about the weight of special loads, contact supervision for instructions before moving.

84 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Figure 9.1. Load Distribution.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 85

Figure 9.2. Load Distribution (Continued).

Figure 9.3. Load Distribution (continued).

9.4. Loading and Tie-down Safety. Safety is everyone’s responsibility. The operator must

receive adequate instruction on safe practices when vehicles are operated. (T-0). Safety,

properly taught and constantly emphasized, prevents much needless manpower and equipment

loss during decisive military operations. Refer to AFI 91-207 and AFMAN 91-203 to define

safety responsibility. A few of the safety hazards associated with vehicle loads that should be

avoided are as follows:

86 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

9.4.1. Loading heavy loads on top of lighter loads. This may cause damage to both the

load and vehicle and may cause the vehicle to overturn easily during movement due to a

higher center-of-gravity.

9.4.2. Stacking load on vehicle beyond recommended limits (too high). Depending on

the weight, this may cause the vehicle to overturn or loss of load from low overpasses.

9.4.3. Unbalanced loads. This may prematurely cause undue wear or failure of vehicle

components and cause degradation of vehicle control.

9.4.4. Failure to recheck load security en-route. Loads may shift during movement

causing loss of load or a vehicle accident.

9.4.5. Using inadequate or unserviceable tie-down devices. Failure to ensure the integrity

of the tie-down equipment may result in loss of load, a vehicle accident, and injury to

personnel.

9.4.6. Using inadequate lifting devices. This may cause damage to lifting device and or

injury to personnel when attempting to lift loads that exceed the maximum capacity.

9.4.7. Personnel under a suspended load. This violation may cause serious injury or death

to personnel if load falls.

9.4.8. Controlling a suspended load. Failure to comply may cause suspended load to

swing uncontrollably into vehicle or personnel causing injury or damage.

9.4.9. Smoking or open flame during refueling. Failure to comply with no smoking rules

may cause serious injury or death to personnel or destruction of vehicle and loads.

9.4.10. Driving too fast with loaded vehicle. Despite recommended speeds being posted

on roadways, a loaded vehicle may require even slower speeds. Failure to comply may result

in an overturned vehicle and injury to personnel.

9.4.11. Damage to load due to improper tie-down. This may cause damage to the load

and tie-down materials from sharp edges. Over tightening straps may crush certain palletized

loads.

9.4.12. Failure to properly placard a vehicle carrying hazardous cargo. In the case of an

accident this may prevent local emergency crews or recovery personnel from determining the

hazard posed by spilled cargo and summoning appropriate aid.

9.5. Vehicle Safety Standards. These vehicle safety standards are applicable to loading and

tie-down. Before vehicle dispatch, the chain-of-command should ensure that operators perform

before, during and after operational checks to prevent the following: A non-mission-ready

vehicle, improperly secured loads, vehicle loaded beyond design load limits, unsafe

transportation of personnel.

9.6. Types of Loads. Cargo can come in most any configuration. The GMV operator may be

required to move cargo that is configured in one or more ways. Examples are listed below.

9.6.1. Bulk cargo is defined as cargo that is not packaged in bundles or containers.

9.6.2. Palletized cargo is defined as cargo that has been placed on a standardized platform

for shipment. In the Air Force’s case, the standard platform is the 463L pallet. Cargo may

be shipped on wooden shipping pallets as well.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 87

9.6.3. Vehicle payload is defined as a tracked or wheeled vehicle being transported on a

wheeled vehicle or semitrailer to its destination.

9.6.4. Passenger cargo is defined as transporting personnel, with or without equipment, in a

vehicle designed to accommodate such a load with installed troop seating and safety device.

9.6.5. Containerized load is defined as containers that are placed on semitrailers so that the

weight of the load is spread evenly over the trailer bed.

9.7. Special Loads. When transporting a load that extends beyond the sides or more than 4 feet

beyond the front or rear, mark the part of the load that extends beyond the truck body with red

flags (measuring not less than 12 inches square) in daytime and with red lights at night. On

loads extending one-third or more the length of the cargo bed, determine if a special permit is

required as explained below.

9.8. Load Compatibility.

9.8.1. For certain ammunition and explosives, compatibility standards must be strictly

enforced. (T-0). When ammunition, in either commercial or military conveyance, is to be

transported along or across roads accessible to the public, Department of Transportation

compatibility rules shall apply. (T-0). For more information, see 49 CFR Parts 171-179,

Highways and Railways, 49 CFR Parts 390-397, Federal Motor Carriers, and OSHA

1926.902, Surface Transportation of Explosives.

9.8.2. When ammunition is transported along or across roads that are not accessible to the

public or roads that are clearly posted as prohibited to the public, ammunition may be

transported according to the stowage compatibility chart. For more information, see 49 CFR

173.52, Classification Codes and Compatibility Groups of Explosives, and 49 CFR 175.78,

Stowage Compatibility of Cargo.

9.8.3. When ammunition is transported in the training area on the installation, by Airmen on

a training exercise using tactical vehicles, the vehicles may transport a mix of ammunition

similar to that the vehicles would carry in combat, provided the vehicles do not cross or

move along a route accessible to the general public.

9.8.4. Incompatible loads may be transported on public roads during times of war,

contingency operations (not contingency exercises) or declared national emergencies when

Department of Transportation-Special Permit (SP) 3498 has been invoked and the shipper

complies with all provisions of that exemption (see 49 CFR 175.78).

9.9. Load Configuration.

9.9.1. Vertical Height of Load. When vehicles are loaded with substantial weight

concentrated high above the ground, the possibility of a high center of gravity exists. This

situation becomes critical when trying to drive around a corner or make a short-radius turn at

too great a speed. When this occurs, centrifugal force, which is always present in turns,

joined by the high center of gravity point, results in an increased tendency of the load to tip

over. To preclude this and possible damage to the vehicle and cargo:

9.9.1.1. Load the heaviest items on the bottom of the vehicle.

9.9.1.2. Avoid stacking heavy items too high.

9.9.1.3. Slow the vehicle before turning and watch and listen for possible load shifting.

88 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

9.9.2. Oversize and Overweight Cargo. Before operating a truck or trailer loaded with

unusually heavy or odd-size loads, check with the operator to determine if the load is within

state and local laws limiting load weight and dimensions on public highways. The operator

must arrange to obtain special permits before moving oversize or overweight vehicles on

public highways. (T-0). Refer to the SDDCTEA, Highways for National Defense program

for questions, concerns or assistance.

(http://www.sddc.army.mil/sites/TEA/Functions/SpecialAssistant/Pages/HighwaysNatio

nalDefense.aspx.).

9.9.3. Over-height. When transporting a load that exceeds 13.5 feet in height from the

ground, the operator must request clearance and permits to transport the load. (T-0). This

gives the operator route guidance that is safe for movement.

9.9.3.1. Operators should be issued a 25-foot tape measure or telescoping ruler to

measure from the highest point of the load to the ground and from side-to-side for width.

Units can fabricate a “telltale” or “bang bar” to determine height before vehicle’s

departure. Units should consider fabricating one for deployment away from their

installation.

9.9.3.2. The chain-of-command must always anticipate that a load may be picked up at a

receiving point or remote loading area, such as a port or terminal that does not have a

method of verifying the load’s height, width, or weight. (T-1).

9.9.3.3. If a chance of this occurs, the chain-of-command must develop clear guidelines

for the operator to report exceeding dimensions. (T-1).

9.9.3.4. Do not move the load if uncertain of its oversize dimensions. It is highly

recommended that units assign assistant operators to aid in this determination and

movement of “oversized loads through tight spots.”

9.9.4. Overhead Clearance. Know the overhead clearance of the vehicle. Signs on most

overpasses indicate the clearance in feet and inches. When transporting an unusual load, if

not completely sure of the clearance, drive very slowly when approaching the underpass

allowing enough time to stop if the load or vehicle cannot clear. Be aware of other low

hanging objects, such as electrical wires, traffic lights, and tree limbs.

9.10. Perishable Cargo. Perishable cargo normally consists of fresh foods. Prompt delivery is

essential. Vehicles that transport fresh consumable items must be kept clean and free from

contamination and odors. (T-0).

9.11. Types of Tie-down Devices. Tie-down devices used to secure cargo to vehicles, trailers,

and semitrailers can be dangerous if mishandled. Before use, inspect all items to ensure their

integrity and replace as necessary any item that is deemed unserviceable. Tie-down materials

may come in any one of the following configurations.

9.11.1. Chains and load binders.

9.11.2. Wire rope and turnbuckles.

9.11.3. Wire rope and cable clamps (U-bolts).

9.11.4. Wire rope with chain hoist and cable grippers.

9.11.5. Web style ratchet and strap assemblies.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 89

9.11.6. Steel banding with crimp joints.

9.12. Load binders. Load binders come in four types (see Figure 9.4).

9.12.1. The ratchet load binder can achieve significantly greater tie-down forces than the

other types of load binders. Of the load binders shown, the ratchet and type IV are safest.

9.12.2. Other types of load binders may spring back with great force upon release. See

SDDCTEA Pamphlet for further details on load binders.

9.12.3. Turnbuckles may be used in the absence of load binders. See paragraph 9.16 for

further details in the use of turnbuckles. Securing a load with this equipment is discussed

later in this chapter under “Securing the Load.”

9.12.4. Be careful when releasing type I, II, and IV load binders. Stay clear of the swing-

path of the load binder handle.

9.13. Chains. Chains used in the tie-down of cargo come in 7/16, 3/8, 1/2, and 3/4 inch sizes.

Table 9.1 depicts detailed information concerning each size.

90 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Table 9.1. Chain Characteristics.

NSN

Working Load

Limit

(lb.)

Breaking Strength

(approximate lb.)

Size

4010-00-443-4845

6,600

13,200

3/8”x 141/2’

4010-00-803-8858

8,250

16,500

1/2”x 10’

4010-00-047-3902

10,350

20,700

7/16”x 16’

4010-01-361-8378

12,500

50,000

1/2”x 7’

4010-01-371-5772

12,500

50,000

1/2”x 11’

4010-00-449-6573

16,800

50,400

1/2” x 12’

Figure 9.4. Types of Load binders.

9.14. Wire Rope. If chains are not available, wire may be used.

9.14.1. Wire rope comes in 1/4”, 3/8”, 1/2”, and 5/8” sizes depending on the load weight.

Wire rope is rated in nominal strength; actual strength may vary.

9.14.2. When wire rope is assembled in a complete loop using wire rope clamps, the strength

should be calculated as 80 percent of twice the value of the nominal strength. With an end

loop, the strength should be calculated as 80 percent of the wire rope (see Figure 9.5 and

Table 9.2).

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 91

Figure 9.5. Wire Rope.

9.15. U-Bolts (Clamps). These devices go on the dead end of wire rope because the U-bolt

introduces a stress concentration that may weaken the wire rope. The saddle has a large surface

and does not cause this type of damage. The clamps are applied with U-bolt near the end of rope

limiting damage to the less critical part of the rope (see Figure 9.6).

Figure 9.6. U-Clamps.

9.15.1. If a torque wrench is not available, adequate torque can be attained by:

9.15.1.1. For 3/8-inch clamps, use 12-inch-long wrench and apply a force of about 50

pounds.

9.15.1.2. For 1/2-inch clamps, use a 15-inch-long wrench and apply a force of about 60

pounds.

92 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

9.15.1.3. For 5/8-inch clamps, use a 24-inch-long wrench and apply force of about 70

pounds.

9.15.1.4. See Table 9.2 for characteristics of wire rope.

Table 9.2. Wire Rope Characteristics.

Size

Stock Number

Nominal Strength

(lb.)

Required Clamp

Torque (foot-

pound)

1/4”

4010-00-269-9324

5,880

3/8”

4010-00-272-8849

13,120

1/2”

4010-00-272-8848

23,000

5/8”

4010-00-763-9361

35,800

130

9.16. Turnbuckles. Turnbuckles can be used to properly apply tension to wire rope.

Turnbuckles can also be used with chains if load binders are not available. Turnbuckles with

jaws and/or eyes should be used. Hook end turnbuckles are not recommended because they are

weaker than a jaw or eye turnbuckles of the same size (see Figure 9.7).

Figure 9.7. Turnbuckle Types.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 93

9.17. Chain-Hoist and Cable Grippers. Instead of a turnbuckle, a chain hoist and cable

grippers may be used to tension the wire rope attached to the payload vehicles. Be sure that at

least 24 inches of wire rope are available on either side of the intersection point to allow proper

application of cable clamps. Also, be sure proper tension of wire rope exists. Tension wire rope

to allow no more than 1-inch of deflection when supporting the weight of a 200-pound person

(see Figure 9.8).

9.18. Web-Style Ratchet and Strap Assemblies. Web straps are easy to use to secure boxes

and pallets for transport. NSN 1670-00-725-1437 and NSN 5340-01-204-3009 are rated at 5,000

pounds (see Figure 9.9).

9.18.1. When using web straps to secure loads on pallets, padding may need to be placed

between the load and the hooks to prevent the hooks from damaging the load. Figure 9.10

and Figure 9.11 show typical loads secured to the cargo bed of the vehicle with straps. Steel

banding is used to secure the items together.

Figure 9.8. Cable Grippers and Chain Hoist.

Figure 9.9. Web-Style Strap and Ratchet Assemblies.

94 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Figure 9.10. Strap-Secured Load.

Figure 9.11. Strap or Banded Load.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 95

9.19. Steel Banding. Steel banding is an effective way to secure a load for transport, if the

equipment to tighten and crimp the bands is available. This type of banding can be used for all

modes of transport.

9.19.1. Rail transport is the only mode that has specific requirements for steel bands and

crimping the bands. If the band requirements meet rail transport they will not have to be

changed during truck transport. (T-0). See Figure 9.12 for the types of crimps approved for

rail transport and appropriate for highway transport.

9.19.2. The railroad banding requirements generally reflect proper band application as

developed by the Association of American Railroads and labeled as required. The banding

suppliers should be aware of these requirements. Figure 9.13 shows a typical load secured

to a cargo bed of a vehicle.

9.19.3. Blocking is typically used to prevent the load from moving longitudinally and

laterally. Steel banding is also good for binding together several items with identical

dimensions without blocking. Blocking may be nailed directly to wood deck semitrailers or

it must be against the end and side walls of the cargo vehicle to prevent it from shifting

during transport. (T-0).

Figure 9.12. Crimp Type Joints.

96 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Figure 9.13. Load Secured by Steel Banding.

9.20. Inspection of the Load. It is imperative that the load be inspected prior to loading and

during transport. If the load is palletized or pre-configured for combat missions, the emphasis

should be placed on compatibility of items loaded together and the integrity of the overall load.

9.20.1. Check for obvious damage to the load and leakage from fluid containers. Leakage

from petroleum-based products can significantly degrade the integrity of nylons-type web-

straps. If this type of leakage is present, then consideration should be made as to

removal/replacement of leaking container and possibly any contaminated web-straps.

9.20.2. See inspection of tie-down equipment in next section for detailed inspection criteria.

9.20.3. Check to ensure boxes, crates, or other containers have not been damaged or

positioned as to allow for damage during transport. Preconfigured loads such as those loaded

onto flat racks undergo severe tilting during loading and unloading.

9.20.4. Ensure the load is secured to the flat racks in such a manner that the load is not

unbalanced causing and unsafe condition during loading or transport.

9.20.5. Loads that are not preconfigured or already palletized, such as crates, loose boxes, or

un-palletized ammunition should be loaded in a manner that considers load compatibility,

weight, balance, and outside dimensions.

9.20.6. If the load has shifted during transport the operator must take actions to correct the

problem prior to regaining movement. (T-0).

9.20.7. If any unsafe load condition exists see supervision for disposition of load prior to

loading and transport.

9.20.8. Hazardous Cargo to be transported on payload vehicles for air transport by the Air

Force should conform to guidelines/restrictions found in AFMAN 24-204, Preparing

Hazardous Materials for Military Air Shipments.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 97

9.21. Inspection of Tie-down Equipment.

9.21.1. Web strap Assemblies. Before each use, straps should be inspected for burns, tears,

punctures, cuts, caustic damage, oil or grease contamination, and frayed or broken stitches.

Also, their metal parts should be inspected for improper operation, corrosion, cracks, or

distortion. If any of these conditions exist, the tie-down should be replaced. They should not

be used for any mode of transport if they have been damaged. No strength testing of straps

will be made. (T-0).

9.21.2. Load binders. Visual inspection of load binders consists of examining, noticing the

defect, and classifying the defect as major or minor (see Table 9.3). If the defect is classified

as major, refer defect to supervisor for disposition. When in doubt, do not use.

Table 9.3. Load binder Inspection Criteria.

Defect

Classification

Major

Minor

Finish, Protective

Any breaks through

coating into metal

Any area of rust of

corrosion

Dirt, oil, grease, or

other foreign matter

Materials

Component not

fabricated of

specified material

Design

Any characteristic

not IAW the

specified

requirements.

Construction and

Workmanship

Any component

cracked, fractured

or otherwise

damaged affecting

serviceability.

Defective or other

damage, not

affecting

serviceability

Any component

missing

Any operation

omitted or not

performed as

specified.

Any sharp edges,

butts, or metal

slivers

98 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Functioning

component that

requires abnormal

force to operate.

Any part not

assembled or joined

as specified

Identification

Markings

Missing,

incomplete, not

legible, or incorrect

9.22. Transferring the Load. It is vitally important to ensure that proper preparations are made

to ensure a safe transfer of the load to and from the load-carrying vehicle. MHE is used for this

purpose. Many tactical vehicles come equipped with such equipment to load and unload cargo

without the need of additional fork lift trucks or cranes on site. Prior to lifting and transferring a

load, the vehicle and the MHE must be inspected to ensure a safe operation. (T-0). Refer to

vehicle Manufacturer’s Operator’s Manual and respective lesson plan written for inspection

criteria for both the vehicle and the MHE. As with any operation of this type, transferring a load

can be a dangerous operation. Consider the following points for a safe load transfer operation:

9.22.1. Ensure the load itself is prepared for movement by:

9.22.1.1. If palletized, ensuring pallet is intact and cargo net is secured properly.

9.22.1.2. If not palletized, ensuring web strapping is securely holding the contents

together for shipment.

9.22.1.3. Attach guide ropes to control load during transfer.

9.22.1.4. Prepare MHE for operation. Refer to vehicle or Manufacturer’s Operator’s

Manual, Technical Order and respective lesson plan written for details on equipment

setup and emplacement.

9.22.1.5. Determine who is to direct the transfer and ensure all participants are informed.

Inform MHE operator that if any hand signal is obscured or not clearly understood, to

stop movement of load.

9.22.1.6. Designate guide rope handlers and ensure they all know where the load is being

transferred to.

9.22.1.7. Ensure all participants clearly understand all hand and arm signals required for

a safe operation. Misunderstood signals could spell disaster when moving heavy or

dangerous cargo.

9.22.1.8. Ensure personnel not involved in transfer of load to move to a safe location out

of the way.

9.22.1.9. Position cargo on load-carrying vehicle according to established load plans for

type and amount of load. If ammunition or explosives are involved, ensure compatibility

standards are not violated.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 99

9.22.1.10. DO NOT allow personnel to stand or walk under a suspended load. Failure to

comply may result in death or serious injury if the load should fall. Ensure load is under

total control during transfer. Failure to comply may result in death or serious injury to

personnel from an uncontrolled, swinging load.

9.22.1.11. DO NOT allow anyone to stand or walk between moving load and sides of

vehicles where they could become pinned. Failure to comply may result in death or

serious injury

9.23. Blocking and Bracing. Blocking and bracing may be necessary on certain types of loads

or partial loads. This usually applies in partial loading of cargo vehicles or semitrailers.

Blocking and bracing may be accomplished by the shipping element or the unit depending on the

load or mission. Since the GMV operator is responsible for delivering the load intact, being

knowledgeable of how to block and brace a load becomes necessary.

9.23.1. Generally, bulk cargo is shipped as palletized loads thus minimizing or eliminating

the need for blocking and bracing for truck movements. However, certain un-palletized

loads such as 55-gallon barrels of lubricants may be shipped individually and should be

blocked and braced for safe transport (see Figure 9.14 and Figure 9.15).

Figure 9.14. Bracing a Load of Barrels.

100 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Figure 9.15. Load Arrangement of Ammunition.

9.24. General Rules for Blocking and Bracing. It is important to properly secure the load to

ensure safe arrival of cargo. Here are some general steps in blocking and bracing.

9.24.1. Block crates, boxes, and barrels to keep them from shifting en-route.

9.24.2. Use crib blocking whenever possible. It need not be nailed to the floor or sides if

placed tightly against the cargo to reduce damage to the floor and sideboards of the vehicle.

9.24.3. If a gap exists between pipes or lumber and the end of the trailer, block the load with

a gate constructed with 4 by 4 inch boards to prevent it from slipping.

9.24.4. All lumber used for blocking must be free of knots and strong enough to provide a

rigid and stable support for the load en-route. (T-0).

9.25. Securing the Load. This section does not cover all possible load platform/configurations.

However, it can cover commonly used platform/configurations.

9.25.1. Generally, the load is evenly distributed within the cargo area. Ensure that vehicle

load is configured and distributed so that it produces as low a profile as possible. This

reduces the vertical center-of-gravity thus decreasing the chances of vehicle rollover on

rough terrain or if the load shifts during movement. An additional benefit of keeping the

load center-of-gravity low is the ability to avoid overhead obstacles along the route.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 101

9.26. Using Web Straps. When tie-down straps are attached to cargo and to vehicle tie-down

fittings, each strap must be tensioned to form at least 1 1/2 turns on the take-up spool of the

tensioning ratchet. (T-0).

9.26.1. The 1 1/2 turns must take place after webbing-to-webbing contact. (T-0). To

prevent movement of the cargo, each tie-down must be tightened until about equal tension is

applied throughout the tie-down arrangement. (T-0).

9.26.2. After tensioning is completed, the take-up spool locking latch must be checked to

ensure that it is fully seated at both ends of the spool in the matching locking notches. (T-0).

9.26.3. The scuff sleeve may have to be removed to allow tightening of tie-downs. Secure

the loose ends of straps by suitable means.

9.27. Chains and Load binders. When chains and load binders are used to secure the load onto

the vehicle cargo bed, flat rack, or semitrailer bed, special considerations must be made with

respect to applying and releasing tension to the load binders. (T-0). Use of cheater bars to gain

a mechanical advantage may cause serious injury to personnel. For this reason the use of a

cheater bar to apply tension to a load binder is not recommended.

9.28. Load Lashing. Load lashing is used for the purpose of protecting the load from inclement

weather and from casual observation and should not be confused with the efforts to secure the

load to the vehicle. Lashing is done once the load has been secured properly using the proper

tie-down materials.

9.28.1. The vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer involved usually comes issued with a canvas and

tarpaulin with ropes to secure during movement. The operator must ensure their loads are

lashed properly in order to provide the maximum amount of protection from the weather (see

Figure 9.16). (T-0).

102 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Figure 9.16. Load Lashing.

9.28.2. If the tarpaulin and rope has not been issued with the vehicle, the operator needs to

obtain two 60- to 70-foot lengths of 3/8-inch rope can usually be enough to secure the

tarpaulin (For short bed 2 ½-5-ton cargo trucks). Use the following procedure:

9.28.2.1. Fasten the end of one rope to one of the front lash hooks or rings (A1).

9.28.2.2. Pass the rope diagonally across the top of the load through or under the second

rope support on the opposite side (A2). Pull the rope tight.

9.28.2.3. Pass the rope diagonally back across the top of the load through or under the

third rope support (A3). Pull the rope tight.

9.28.2.4. Continue this process until the rear of the vehicle is reached. Secure the rope.

9.28.2.5. Repeat the entire process with the second rope, starting at the front lash hook or

ring (B1).

AFMAN24-306  30 JULY 2020  103 
Chapter 10 
DANGEROUS/HAZARDOUS CARGO AND MATERIALS 
Section 10A—Transporting Dangerous/Hazardous Cargo 
10.1.  General  Information.  Transporting  dangerous/hazardous  cargo  is  perhaps  the  most 
demanding job a military GMV operator may ever perform.  Much of the cargo that trucks move 
is  dangerous,  delicate,  or  awkward.    It  may  be  explosive,  radioactive,  sensitive  to  shock,  or 
simply oversize or overweight.  All hazardous material must be in compliance with CFR Title 49 
(See Parts 100-185).  (T-0).  All military oversize, overweight, or special movements must be 
IAW  DoD  DTR  4500.9-R  Part  II.    (T-0).    Also,  comply  with  additional  hazardous  shipping 
instruction  guidance  (International  Air  Transport  Association  Dangerous  Goods  Regulation 
(DGR),  International  Civil  Aviation  Organization  (ICAO),  International  Maritime  Dangerous 
Goods  (IMDG),  etc.).    See  lesson  plan  on  transporting  hazardous  material  for  additional 
requirements  and  guidance,  (add)  review  and  complete  the  Air  Force  Qualification  Training 
Package 24-3HAZMAT for training/certification on transporting dangerous/hazardous materials. 
10.2.  Necessary Forms.  Various forms are necessary for transporting special cargo.  The GMV 
operator must keep these forms safely on board the vehicle when transporting special cargo. (T-
0).  Although the operator does not need to fill out any of the following forms, they must be 
familiar with their purpose and where they need to be signed:  (T-0). 
10.2.1.  DD Form 2890, DOD Multimodal Dangerous Goods Declaration (see Figure 10.1 
and Figure 10.2). 
10.2.2.  DD Form 626, Motor Vehicle Inspection (Transporting Hazardous Materials) (see 
Figure 10.3, Figure 10.4, and Figure 10.5). 
Section 10B—General Safety Measures 
10.3.  General Safety Measures.  Observe these safety measures when dealing with HAZMAT: 
10.3.1.  Establish a training program (AFI 32-7086, Hazardous Materials Management) for 
loading, unloading, and handling HAZMAT.  Be sure each person involved in the operation 
is familiar with its contents. 
10.3.2.  When handling explosives or flammable materials: 
10.3.2.1.  See CFR Title 49. 
10.3.2.2.  Prohibit smoking except in an established smoking area and provide facilities 
for safe disposal of smoking materials.  Prohibit matches, lighters, or other sparking or 
open-flame producing items in the hazardous area. 
10.3.2.3.  Do  not  allow  smoking  within  50  feet  of  the  vehicle  during  loading  and 
unloading or while the vehicle is moving. 
10.3.2.4.  Prohibit  footwear  strengthened  with  nails  or  other  spark-producing  metal, 
unless the footwear is covered with rubber, leather, or other non-sparking material. 

104 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

10.3.2.5. Establish firefighting and other emergency plans and provide for firefighting

and other emergency equipment. Carry the prescribed number and type of serviceable

fire extinguishers.

10.3.2.6. Avoid jars or shocks, particularly with sensitive explosives used in detonators.

Handling of nuclear weapons is authorized only using nuclear certified equipment and

procedures that are designed to minimize handling and exposure to shock.

10.3.3. Ensure that protective clothing and/or equipment must be used during handling of

toxic oxidizers, fuels, or chemical agents. (T-0). This may include masks, goggles, gloves,

or other garments. Suitable neutralizing agents should be available for personnel handling

toxic gases, etiologic agents, and white phosphorus.

10.3.4. Always have a protective mask and protective ointment kit in the vehicle when

carrying chemical ammunition.

10.3.5. Keep personnel clear of loads being lifted by terminal or marshaling yard equipment.

10.3.6. Keep roadways and marshaling yard aisles in good repair to minimize the danger of

toppling container-bearing transporters.

Section 10C—Rules for Transporting Dangerous/Hazardous Cargo

10.4. Rules for Transporting Dangerous/Hazardous Cargo. In addition to the rules that

apply to general cargo, the following general rules apply to most dangerous/hazardous cargo (see

also local law, CFR Title 49 and DoD DTR 4500.9-R Part II for detailed standards of moving

this type of cargo):

10.4.1. Inspect vehicles that carry dangerous/hazardous cargo according to DD Form 626.

The inspector checks to see that the vehicle can be operated safely and is free of grease

accumulations that can cause a fire.

10.4.2. Inspect gasoline cans for leaks. Do not permit defective cans to be loaded. Keep

gasoline cans, whether full or empty, tightly closed.

10.4.3. Remove tarpaulins from gasoline cans unless otherwise instructed. If tarpaulins are

used, air and dry them before folding and storing.

10.4.4. Once the vehicle passes inspection, attach the proper warning placards (if tactical

situation permits) to the vehicle’s front, rear, and sides to identify its cargo (see Figure 10.6).

Use bilingual placards of the Host Nation when OCONUS.

10.4.5. When loading and unloading, the GMV operator must: (T-0).

10.4.5.1. Provide qualified supervisors to direct and control the loading, unloading, and

handling of HAZMAT. Supervisors should thoroughly understand the hazards involved

and should indoctrinate subordinates on special precautions and emergency situations that

may arise.

10.4.5.2. Set the vehicle’s parking brakes.

10.4.5.3. Chock at least one wheel. Chock the semitrailer when separated from the

tractor.

10.4.5.4. Handle cargo with care and avoid overloading.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 105

10.4.5.5. Keep the engine turned off during loading and unloading, unless it is providing

power to the vehicle accessories used to load or unload.

10.4.5.6. Load un-palletized shells with their sides parallel to the vehicle body.

10.4.5.7. Secure the load against shifting.

10.4.5.8. Post the appropriate placards on the front, rear, and both sides of the vehicle.

10.4.6. Designate specific segregated areas for container re-stowing activities, if available,

and for in-transit storage purposes. (T-0).

10.4.7. HAZMAT operating and storage areas must be marked with appropriate warning

signs. (T-0).

10.4.8. When appropriate, initiate security measures to prevent theft, sabotage, and so forth.

(T-0).

10.4.9. When driving with dangerous/hazardous cargo:

10.4.9.1. Avoid sudden stops and turns.

10.4.9.2. Do not smoke inside the vehicle.

10.4.9.3. Do not enter tunnels, if prohibited by local law.

10.4.9.4. Maintain safe distances from other traffic.

10.4.9.5. Under normal driving conditions on an open highway, the safe following

distance for trucks, tractor and semitrailer combinations, and similar vehicles is 300 feet

daytime and 500 feet nighttime. Increase the following distance in adverse weather and

under other poor driving conditions. Check with local authorities for the required

minimum following distance.

10.4.9.6. Never park a vehicle loaded with hazardous cargo overnight in or near a

building or a populated area.

106 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Figure 10.1. DD Form 2890 (Page 1).

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 107

Figure 10.2. DD Form 2890 (Page 2).

108 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Figure 10.3. DD Form 626 (Page 1).

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 109

Figure 10.4. DD Form 626 (Page 2).

110 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Figure 10.5. DD Form 626 (Page 3).

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 111

Figure 10.6. Placarding a Vehicle.

10.5. HAZMAT Routes. A motor vehicle, which contains HAZMAT, should avoid routes

through or near the following: Heavily populated areas, places where crowds are assembled,

tunnels, narrow streets, or alleys. (T-0). Follow approved routes IAW CFR Title 49, DoD DTR

4500.9-R Part II, state and local laws for HAZMAT transportation. (T-0).

10.6. Operator Responsibilities. Except as provided below, the GMV operator or another

individual qualified to operate the vehicle must stay with a motor vehicle at all times which

contains Class A or Class B explosives. (T-0). The GMV operator must attend to a motor

vehicle which contains HAZMAT other than Class A or Class B explosives and which is located

on a public street or highway. (T-0). However, the vehicle need not be attended while its

operator is performing duties that are incident and necessary to their duties as the operator of the

vehicle.

Section 10D—Load Custody

10.7. Load Custody. A motor vehicle is attended when the person in charge of it is awake in

the vehicle (not in the sleeper berth) or is within 100 feet of it and has an unobstructed field of

view of it.

10.7.1. A qualified representative of the unit will meet all of the following criteria: (T-0).

10.7.1.1. The unit has designated them to attend the vehicle.

10.7.1.2. They are aware of the nature of the HAZMAT contained in the vehicle.

10.7.1.3. They have been instructed on the procedures to follow in emergencies.

10.7.1.4. They are authorized and have the ability to move the vehicle.

10.7.1.5. They are HAZMAT certified.

112 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

10.8. Parking. A safe haven is an area specifically approved (in writing) by local, state, or

federal governmental authorities for the parking of unattended vehicles containing Class A or

Class B explosives. A motor vehicle that contains Class A or Class B explosives must not be

parked under any of these circumstances: (T-0).

10.8.1. On or within five feet of the traveled portion of a public street or highway.

10.8.2. On private property (including premises of a fueling or eating facility) without the

knowledge and consent of the person who is in charge of the property and who is aware of

the nature of the HAZMAT the vehicle contains.

10.8.3. Within 300 feet of a bridge, tunnel, dwelling, building, or place where people work,

congregate, or assemble except for brief periods when the necessities of operation require the

vehicle to be parked and make it impracticable to park the vehicle in any other place.

10.9. Missiles. Missiles are very different from most items the Air Force transports because

they can be at the same time overweight, sensitive, and flammable. These complex

characteristics call for special loading procedures.

10.10. Ammunition and Explosives. Air Force GMVs often transport ammunition and

explosives. Although safety is always important, it is especially so when the cargo itself is

dangerous.

10.10.1. A vehicle carrying explosives must be equipped with two fully charged dry

chemical fire extinguishers. (T-0). One of them must be mounted on the outside of the cab

on the GMV operator’s side; the other mounted inside the cab IAW Title 49 CFR Subpart

393.95. (T-0).

10.10.1.1. All fire extinguishers must be inspected monthly to make sure they have not

been damaged and the hose nozzles are not clogged. (T-0). The inspection date and the

initials or name of the inspector must be recorded and kept on file. (T-0). Methods of

recording vary by state. Check state regulations, local and military fire station for

compliance standards. IAW the National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) 10, Standard

for Portable Fire Extinguisher, where manual inspections are conducted, records for

manual inspections shall be kept on a tag or label attached to the fire extinguisher, on an

inspection checklist maintained on file, or by an electronic method. If using a tag, the tag

must be attached to the extinguisher. (T-0). Another tag, indicating the date of the last

weight-test, must also be attached to the extinguisher. (T-0). The inspection is recorded

on the appropriate AF Form 1800.

10.10.1.2. Block and brace the load well to prevent its shifting during travel. Comply

with applicable HAZMAT shipping instructions (i.e., Title 49 CFR, International Air

Transport Association, DGR, ICAO IMDG, etc.)

10.10.1.3. Be sure that detonating caps (for such explosives as dynamite) are not carried

in the same vehicle as the explosives. While loading or unloading, handle explosives

with care.

10.10.1.4. The truck’s tailboard or tailgate must be closed and secured to be sure all

ammunition or explosives stay inside the cargo compartment. (T-0).

AFMAN24-306  30 JULY 2020  113 
10.11.  Chemical  Agents.  Federal  agencies  govern  and  regulate  the  transport  of  hazardous 
chemicals  and  related  items  within  the  US.    A  brief  summary  of  the  regulations  and  safety 
standards to be used to load and unload this kind of cargo follows: 
10.11.1.  The Vehicle.  The cargo compartment of the vehicle must be a closed body or one 
covered  with  a  fire  resistant  tarpaulin.    (T-0).  The  vehicle  must  be  equipped  with  red 
lanterns, red reflectors, red cloths, and two fire extinguishers for use in emergencies.  (T-0). 
10.11.2.  Loading  and  Unloading  Safely.  In  addition  to  those  precautions  already 
explained, securely load containers with valves or fittings to prevent damage to the valves or 
fittings during transit.  Once unloaded, vehicles should be swept clean.  The sides and floors 
should be tested for contamination and decontaminated, if necessary. 
10.11.3.  GMV  Operator  Instructions.  Each  operator  of  a  GMV  transporting  dangerous 
chemicals  must  be  given  full  and  complete information  about  the  shipment  to  help  them 
safely deliver the  cargo to its destination.  (T-0).  When the vehicle is loaded, the GMV 
operator is informed of necessary safety precautions both verbally and in writing, using DD 
Form 2890. 
Section 10E—Transporting HAZMAT by Highway 
10.12.  Transporting  HAZMAT  by  Highway.  Because  the  transportation  of  ammunition, 
explosives, flammables, chemical agents, and radioactive materials is dangerous, it is essential 
that personnel involved know and observe applicable safety regulations. 
10.12.1.  A  vehicle  transporting  Class  A  or  Class  B  ammunition,  explosives,  or  other 
HAZMAT is inspected at the following: 
10.12.1.1.  The origin of  shipment.  At this time, deficiencies  are corrected before the 
transporter enters a sensitive area. 
10.12.1.2.  At trailer transfer points (when prime movers are exchanged). 
10.12.1.3.  At destination, before delivery is accepted. 
10.12.2.  DD  Form  626.  In  CONUS,  the  shipper  uses  DD  Form  626  (see  Figure  10.3, 
Figure 10.4 and Figure 10.5) as a guide and record of the inspection.  In an overseas theater, 
DD Form 626 (modified appropriately) may be used or may serve as a model for a locally 
produced inspection form. 
10.12.3.  In CONUS, military shippers use DD Form 2890 (see Figure 10.1 and Figure 10.2) 
to  instruct  GMV  operators  of  military  and  commercial  vehicles  transporting  dangerous 
material.    Sections  of  the  form  outline  actions  to  be  taken  in  case  of  fire,  accident,  and 
breakdown.    The  form  also  provides  for  entry  of  specific  information  by  the  shipper  or 
transportation officer.  This form (appropriately modified) may also be used in an overseas 
theater or may serve as a model for a locally produced instruction form.  The GMV operator 
must  have  shipping  papers  available  at  all  times  (see  Title  49  CFR  177.817,  Shipping 
Papers).  (T-0). 

114 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Section 10F—Detecting Fuel Leakage Occurring On a Public Highway

10.13. Detecting Fuel Leakage Occurring On a Public Highway. Do the following

immediately, upon detecting a fuel leak in the cargo tank:

10.13.1. Turn off the vehicle’s electrical system.

10.13.2. Extinguish any cigarettes or open flames in the vicinity.

10.13.3. Remove the vehicle’s fire extinguisher from its bracket and keep it close at hand. If

an assistant GMV operator or other person is available, tell him/her to man the fire

extinguisher.

10.13.4. Notify police of the hazardous situation by the most expeditious means.

10.13.5. Inspect the leak. Determine if a field expedient (for example, a wooden plug or

rubber matting) can be used to control the leak.

10.13.6. Place highway warning devices at prescribed locations. Do not use flares.

10.13.7. Keep spectators away from areas where flammable liquids are spilled or toxic

fumes have accumulated.

10.13.7.1. Guard against smoking by spectators or passing motorists. If personnel are

available, post guards to warn passing operators of the fire hazard.

10.13.7.2. Notify nearby residents when spillage may place them in danger.

10.13.8. When civilian police and/or firefighting personnel arrive, tell them the nature of the

cargo.

10.13.8.1. Follow instructions issued by fire or police department personnel until the

hazard is neutralized.

10.13.8.2. Military personnel will inform civilian investigators and cooperate with

civilian authorities in clearing the damaged equipment from the highway. (T-0).

Section 10G—Detecting Fuel Leakage Occurring Off the Road

10.14. Detecting Fuel Leakage Occurring Off the Road. When traveling off road, check for

leaks at all stops. The movement from the bumps could jar something loose and cause a leak.

10.14.1. Emergency Procedures. Do the following immediately upon detecting a leak in

the cargo tank:

10.14.1.1. Turn off the vehicle’s electrical system.

10.14.1.2. If the tanker is a semitrailer, lower the landing legs, disconnect the semitrailer

from the tractor, and drive the tractor a safe distance from the semitrailer.

10.14.1.3. Remove the vehicle fire extinguisher from its bracket and keep it close at

hand. If an assistant GMV operator or other person is available, tell him/her to man the

fire extinguisher.

10.14.1.4. Inspect the leak. Determine if a field expedient (for example, a wooden plug

or rubber matting) can be used to control the leak.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 115

10.14.1.5. If space is available in another compartment of the tanker, transfer the fuel

from the leaking compartment to the secure one. However, this procedure is not

recommended when fumes have accumulated around the tanker pump.

10.14.2. Fuel Jettisoning. When fuel cannot be transferred from the leaking compartment,

contact the nearest HAZMAT protection facility (local fire station) for permission to locate a

proper location to jettison fuel.

10.14.2.1. Air Force, Department of Defense, and Federal regulations prohibit discharge

of fuel on the ground.

10.15. Petroleum Tank Vehicles Safety Procedures. Whenever operating a tank vehicle, there

are vital safety precautions and procedures that every operator must know and follow. (T-0). If

using petroleum tank vehicles, know and observe the safety precautions and procedures found in

the Manufacturer’s Operator’s Manual and respective vehicle lesson plan.

116 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Chapter 11

VEHICLE RECOVERY OVERVIEW

Section 11A—Vehicle Recovery General Information

11.1. General Information. This chapter describes a few of the more common field vehicle

recovery procedures – operations that can be performed with limited resources. In any of these

operations, remember to use brainpower to make up for a lack of available horsepower. Time

should be taken to figure out the rigging and include a reasonable factor for safety. Sloppy

planning results in wasted time and may further damage the vehicle and equipment as well as

causing injury or death to personnel. Recovery failures are often the direct result of haste.

NOTE: For detailed vehicle-specific vehicle recovery procedures and safety practices, refer to

the proper Manufacturer’s Operator’s Manual and respective lesson plan.

Section 11B—Recovery Safety

11.2. Recovery Safety. Recovery can be inherently dangerous unless safety is continually

observed and practiced. Each of the recovery functions (winching, lifting, and towing) should

only be performed with safety as the primary concern. Always follow safety warnings in this

manual and in the operator’s manual for both the recovery vehicle and the recovered vehicle or

equipment. Following are some key factors and actions that can help or prevent unnecessary

damage to equipment and more importantly, injury to personnel:

11.2.1. Know recovery equipment capabilities and limitations. Winches have tremendous

power and if not properly secured to the disabled vehicle, can rip off tow lugs, bumpers, and

other attachments that often become projectiles injuring personnel and/or damaging

equipment. Always follow the safe rigging guidelines in the Manufacturer’s Operator’s

Manual and respective vehicle lesson plan. Keep all but the minimum required personnel

away from the recovery area. Each recovery crew member should know where other crew

members are located at all times.

11.2.1.1. Ground chock blocks have their limitations. If overloaded, the recovery

vehicle can slide out of control.

11.2.1.2. Winch cables can break and backlash into equipment and personnel.

11.2.1.3. Exercise extreme caution when towing.

11.2.1.4. Some wheeled vehicles may not have any braking effect. The recovery vehicle

must provide braking for the towed vehicle as well as itself. (T-0).

Section 11C—Common Tools for Recovery

11.3. Common Tools for Recovery.

11.3.1. Tow Strap.

11.3.2. Tow Cable.

11.3.3. Tow Chains.

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11.3.4. Hydraulic Jack.

11.3.5. Highway Warning Kit. NOTE: Other recovery lifting actions also require extreme

caution to prevent injury to personnel and/or damage to the recovery vehicle, recovered

vehicle or equipment.

Section 11D—Spotters for Recovery

11.4. Spotters for Recovery. For safe control of a recovery operation, there should be two

spotters to prevent confusion.

Section 11E—Towing Vehicles With Bars

11.5. Towing Statement. To the extent possible, a wrecker should be used to tow wheeled

vehicles. Use of a wrecker or an approved tow bar may negate the need for an operator in the

towed vehicle. When a wrecker or tow bar is not used, an operator should be placed in the towed

vehicle to assist with steering if required. Due to increased risk of injury to the operator in the

towed vehicle, it is extremely important to limit the use of anything but a wrecker or tow bar to

those cases where moving the vehicle for short distances is an absolute military necessity. In

such cases, speed should be kept to a minimum to ensure safe operation. Unusual or unique

towing operations may have an associated risk assessment with residual risk approved at the

proper level of command.

11.6. General Rules for Towing. Before towing any vehicle, refer to the Manufacturer’s

Operator’s Manual and respective lesson plan. The following are general rules for towing:

11.6.1. Move towed loads at slow speed. Avoid quick stops.

11.6.2. Mark towing vehicles with warning lights or flags.

11.6.3. Use a wrecker whenever possible. It is designed for towing.

11.6.4. Use a tow bar in preference to chains, ropes or cables. Tow bars keep the towed

vehicle from running into the towing vehicle.

11.6.5. Connect cables, chains, or ropes, if used, to the pintle of the towing vehicle and to

the lifting shackles of the towed vehicle.

11.6.6. In cities or heavy traffic, tie the front lifting shackles of the towed vehicle tightly to

the rear lifting shackles of the towing vehicle and connect the air brakes.

11.6.7. Proceed slowly at 5 to 10 mph because the towed vehicle may skid on turns at higher

speeds.

11.6.8. When using a tow bar, connect a chain between the two vehicles for safety in case

the bar breaks or becomes disconnected.

11.6.9. Be sure a GMV operator is in every motor vehicle being towed to control it, unless a

wrecker is towing the vehicle.

11.6.10. Always use rigger’s gloves when handling chains, cables, and wire rope.

118 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Section 11F—Anchoring Vehicles

11.7. Anchoring Vehicles. Trees, stumps, or rocks are natural anchors. Always attach lines

near the ground when using a tree or a stump as an anchor. A GMV operator should lash the

first tree or stump to a second one to provide added support for the line. When using a rock as an

anchor, be sure it is large and firmly embedded in the ground. Construct anchors when natural

ones are not available. For more information on methods for anchoring vehicles, see the

applicable vehicle lesson plan.

Section 11G—Winch Recovery

11.8. Winch Recovery. Many military trucks are equipped with winches. Know how to get the

most from a winch without danger to personnel or abuse to the equipment. For additional and

vehicle-specific guidance on winch recovery to include: Single-vehicle winch recovery, two-

vehicle winch recovery, cable safety, A-frame recovery, and field expedients, refer to the

Manufacturer’s Operator’s Manual for that vehicle and the applicable vehicle lesson plan.

11.8.1. As a general guideline, to ensure safety, the protection of the equipment, and the

success of the recovery operation, use the following as a guide:

11.8.1.1. Check the capacity of the winch. The capacity shown on the manufacturer’s

plate is the maximum with one layer of cable on the drum. Each successive layer

increases the diameter of the drum and reduces the winch capacity to as little as 50

percent of the rated capacity when the last layer is being wound on the drum.

11.8.1.2. Check the cable for rust, kinks, or frays.

11.8.1.3. Estimate the total resistance. Consider grade or slope, weight of the vehicle,

and type of terrain. Then add a reasonable factor for safety.

11.8.1.4. Check the equipment. Be sure to rig safely to overcome the resistance with the

equipment available.

11.8.1.5. Select or provide a suitable anchor.

11.8.1.6. Rig and check rigging. Do not put power on the winch until every element in

the rigging has been checked.

11.8.1.7. Clear personnel from the danger area. All persons observing the operation

should stand outside the angle formed by the cable under stress at a distance at least equal

to the distance between the two most distant points in the rigging. Clear personnel away

before tightening the cable.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 119

Chapter 12

CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS OVERVIEW

Section 12A—Motor Marches and Convoys General Information

12.1. General Information. The GMV operator must know specific procedures for maintaining

convoy speed, halting, and handling breakdowns. (T-0). The GMV operator should also know

convoy and aircraft loading signals as well as NATO convoy flags. For additional information

on motor marches and convoy operations (also referred to as line-haul), aircraft loading signals,

and the use of NATO convoy flags and convoy signals, refer to: Air Force Tactics, Techniques,

and Procedures (AFTTP(I)) 3-2.58., Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for

Tactical Convoy Operations, Army Techniques Publication 4-11, Army Motor Transport

Operations, and Army Techniques Publication 4-16, Movement Control.

Section 12B—Motor Marches and Convoys Overview

12.2. Rate-of-Speed and Interval. The road, weather, and amount of space needed between

vehicles to allow for stopping without rear-end collisions and for letting faster-moving vehicles

pull into the column after passing, determine the proper rate-of-speed and interval. Of all the

space around the vehicle, the area ahead of the vehicle (the space that the GMV operator is

driving into) is most important.

12.2.1. Determining space to keep between vehicles.

12.2.1.1. One good rule to determine how much space to keep in front of the vehicle is to

allow at least one second for each 10 feet of vehicle length at speeds below 40 mph. At

greater speeds, add one second for safety.

12.2.1.2. For example, if driving a 40-foot vehicle, the GMV operator should leave four

seconds between their vehicle and the vehicle ahead, in a 60-foot vehicle, 6 seconds.

Over 40 mph, a GMV operator needs 5 seconds for a 40-foot vehicle; 7 seconds for a 60-

foot vehicle.

12.2.1.3. To know how much space a GMV operator has, he/she should wait until the

vehicle ahead passes a shadow on the road, a pavement marking, or some other clear

landmark. Then count the seconds, one thousand one, one thousand two, and so on, until

he/she reaches the same spot.

12.2.1.3.1. The GMV operator can compare their count with the rule of 1 second for

every 10 feet of length.

12.2.1.3.2. For example, if driving a 40-foot truck and only count 2 seconds, the

GMV operator is too close. The GMV operator should drop back a little and recount

until the right number of seconds of following distance is reached. When the road is

slippery, more space is required to stop.

12.2.2. Maintain the proper place in the convoy.

12.2.2.1. If a GMV operator has no other orders, a good general rule is to keep a distance

in yards that is twice the rate-of-speed at which driving.

120 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

12.2.2.2. For example, if traveling at 25 mph, leave 50 yards between the vehicle and the

one just ahead at 30 mph, 60 yards. Remember, this distance is in yards, not feet. The

number that is used to multiply, in this case 2, is called the speedometer multiplier. The

convoy commander may set an speedometer multiplier greater than two.

12.2.3. Judging distances. In applying the speedometer multiplier, the GMV operator

should be able to judge distances. They can do this more easily by practicing estimating

distances.

12.2.3.1. Take a known distance (such as the length of a truck or the distance between

telephone poles) and observe carefully how that distance looks. Try this in different light

conditions (such as day, night, and dusk). A GMV operator can soon be able to estimate

distances accurately.

12.3. Vehicle Failures. If the vehicle fails while driving in a convoy, remember these basic

rules:

12.3.1. Signal a stop and pull off the road.

12.3.2. Signal vehicles behind to proceed.

12.3.3. Correct the trouble if possible and fall back in the column at one of the breaks (halts).

12.3.4. If the GMV operator or a mechanic left with the GMV operator cannot repair the

trouble, wait for the trail officer and tell them of the difficulties. They make the necessary

arrangements. NOTE: Caution, the GMV operator should not attempt to exceed the

designated catch-up speed (or posted speed limit) to regain position within the convoy.

Doing so may cause an accident.

12.4. Vehicle Halts. A convoy halt is made for personal convenience, checking the vehicle’s

operational status, checking load security, and refueling (if necessary). Make the at-halt checks

at each halt. Be sure to keep off the road, if possible, while checking the vehicle. If a GMV

operator needs to halt on the road, their designated assistant GMV operator should act as a guard

to warn other traffic. Each GMV operator should accomplish specific duties while at the halt.

These duties are determined by the convoy commander prior to start of convoy.

12.5. Convoy Security. Convoys are inviting targets for an enemy force. Convoys cannot

always depend on security support or added firepower. Such support is often not available

because of other priorities. To provide more firepower for a convoy, units may employ a

hardened gun truck. The purpose of a gun truck is to: provide a mobile firing platform, help

counter enemy attacks, and to increase survivability of the convoy.

12.6. Convoy Control Signals. Use and obey hand signals in a convoy. In addition to the

signals for right and left turns, stopping, and so forth, the GMV operator must learn convoy

control signals. (T-1). Whenever a march column is halted on a curve or downgrade, or

whenever some GMV operators cannot see the signal, signals may be relayed along the column

or transmitted by messenger to all concerned.

12.7. NATO Convoy Flags and Signals. The GMV operator is responsible for knowing the

proper use and placement of NATO convoy flags and signals. More information regarding the

use of NATO convoy flags and signals will be available through the convoy commander, and

through referencing AFTTP(I) 3-2.58., Army Techniques Publication 4-11, and Army

Techniques Publication 4-16. (T-0).

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 121

Section 12C—Vehicle Camouflage Operations

12.8. Camouflage Operations. Understanding the fundamentals of camouflaging is vital to the

mission. Without proper camouflage a vehicle could be seen and attacked by an airstrike.

12.9. Stationary Vehicle Camouflage and Concealment. A stationary vehicle can best be

camouflaged by placing it under vegetation to break up the regular pattern of shadows and by

covering all parts that are likely to reflect light. Use blankets, shelter halves, or pieces of dark

burlap to cover the windshield, cab window, a wet vehicle body, light paint on insignia, and so

forth. Use foliage to cover headlights. Fishnet or chicken wire scattered with artificial material

or with vegetation can be used to cover the vehicle when trees or bushes are not available. When

snow is on the ground, cover the vehicle with white cloth. Be sure that color and texture blend

with the surrounding area.

12.10. Camouflage Screen System. The camouflage screen system is the principal artificial

expedient for camouflaging vehicles. Use it when concealment by natural methods or materials

is not possible. Use it also to supplement natural methods and materials in sparsely vegetated or

barren areas (such as deserts, predominantly snow-covered areas, and thinly wooded areas).

12.11. Erecting of Camouflage Screens Over Vehicle. When erecting the camouflage screen

over a vehicle, take extreme care to prevent the screen from snagging and tearing on any sharp

corners or vehicle accessories (such as mirrors, bumpers, mounted armament, and so forth).

When joining multiple screens, first spread the screens to be joined over a level ground site free

from large rocks and sharp objects. Be sure the same pattern designs on all screens are facing

the same way.

Section 12D—Vehicle Operations Using Night Vision Devices and Operations Under

Blackout (BO) Conditions

12.12. General Information. Night operations in combat, combat support, and combat service

support units have played an important role in many US Air Force engagements. In fact, the

ability to conduct effective tactical transportation operations during hours of darkness and

limited visibility is a long-standing Air Force objective. Today’s technology provides each

GMV operator with the ability to meet these objectives using the driver’s vision enhancer and

night vision goggles (NVGs). A GMV operator’s ability to safely and effectively drive using

night vision devices depends on their understanding the device’s limitations and capabilities, the

amount of ambient (available) light, driving ability, proficiency with night vision devices,

familiarity with the terrain, and availability of night vision devices.

12.13. Night Vision Goggles Introduction. Night vision goggles are image-intensification

devices that improve visibility during periods of low light levels. They amplify available

ambient light (such as moonlight and starlight). However, NVGs do not magnify an image. An

object viewed through the NVGs looks the same size as if it were seen in the day without the

NVGs. Objects that are hard to see during the day are also hard to see at night through the

NVGs. NVG performance is directly related to the amount of ambient light. During periods of

high ambient light, resolution is improved and objects can be identified at greater distances.

122 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

12.13.1. Visual acuity (the accuracy with which an object is seen) with NVGs may never be

as good as it is with the naked eye during daylight conditions.

12.13.1.1. Rain, haze, fog, snow, or smoke and viewing into shadows and other darkened

areas greatly reduce the effectiveness of NVGs.

12.13.1.2. Vision using NVGs equals the vision of an unaided GMV operator with less

than perfect vision. The best case for a GMV operator with 20/20 vision wearing the

NVGs is 20/40 with the AN/PVS-7 and 20/50 with the AN/PVS-5.

12.13.2. The NVGs affect depth perception and distance estimation.

12.13.2.1. For the first 20 feet in front of the user, the NVG decreases depth perception.

From 20 to 500 feet, depth discrimination roughly equals that of the unaided eye.

12.13.2.2. NVGs reduce depth perception beyond 500 feet and distance viewing. This is

due mainly to reduced visual acuity and lack of peripheral vision.

12.13.3. Peripheral vision lets a person see things on the side of the field of vision while

concentrating on looking straight ahead at an object.

12.13.4. Color discrimination is absent when NVGs are used.

12.14. Single Color Vision. The picture seen with NVGs is green. It is also less distinct than

normal daylight vision. As a result, it is hard to distinguish between certain objects or features.

For example, shadows are hard to distinguish from puddles of water, walls, or ditches and vice

versa when viewed through the NVGs at night.

12.15. Color Adaptation. A person, because of the green color in NVGs, may see one of two

things when removing the NVGs after several minutes:

12.15.1. If looking at the lighter of two backgrounds, one may see the complement or

opposite of the green color to which they had become adapted.

12.15.2. If looking at the darker of the two backgrounds, one might see an after-image of the

green light to which they had become adapted. Do not be concerned with this after-image, it

is a normal physical reaction.

12.16. Considerations When Driving With Night Vision Goggles. Driving during the day

takes a lot of concentration. Driving at night with Night Vision Goggles compounds the amount

of concentration needed to safely operate a vehicle. Also, see Table 12.1 for NVG lighting

countermeasures.

12.16.1. Effects of Light. Any detectable light source in the vehicle’s cab may affect the

GMV operator’s ability to see with NVGs. The adverse effect of panel lights on the NVGs is

greatest during low ambient light conditions.

12.16.1.1. Vehicle Light System. NVG compatibility is best achieved by eliminating all

interior and exterior light sources. Tape up lights that cannot be controlled to reduce the

amount of light they emit. Instruments and gauges can normally be read with NVGs

without instrument lighting.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 123

12.16.1.2. Dark Adaptation. No dark adaptation period is necessary for effective

viewing through NVGs. In fact, viewing through NVGs for a short period of time lessens

the normal dark adaptation period. After using NVGs, it takes about two minutes to

reach the 30-minute dark adaptation level.

12.16.1.3. Lasers. Lasers are used on the battlefield (in training and in combat). Lasers

affect NVGs as much as other light sources do. Most lasers may not cause permanent

damage to NVGs. In fact, the NVGs protect the GMV operator’s eyes from the

damaging effects of lasers, even if the laser is bright enough to damage the NVGs. If the

NVGs are damaged, it is possible to continue using the NVGs with a bright or dark spot

at the point where the tube was damaged. To reduce the effects of the laser on the NVGs

and eyesight, look away.

12.16.2. Object Identification. Viewing an area lit by artificial lights (such as flares) can

limit the ability to see objects outside the lighted area. The ability to see objects within the

lighted area depends on the brightness of the light and the object’s distance.

12.16.2.1. Try to keep the light source outside the field of view of the NVGs.

12.16.2.2. Using NVGs enable personnel to detect light sources that are not visible to the

unaided eye. Light from vehicles, flashlights, IR light sticks, and burning cigarettes is

easily detected at great distances. The capability of NVGs to detect these light sources

improves as the ambient light level decreases.

12.16.2.3. When using NVGs, some objects may be more difficult to distinguish (low

contrast against the background) than during the day when color clues are available. Pay

close attention to unfamiliar objects. NOTE: Warning, GMV operators without NVGs

may not see another operator. Ensure the route selected is in an area where other traffic

(commercial and tactical) is precluded. If the route does not preclude this, establish some

form of traffic control.

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Table 12.1. NVG Lighting Countermeasures.

SPECIFIC CONDITIONS

IMPACT ON NVGs

COUNTERMEASURES

Driving with external and

internal lights off.

(Vehicles without NVGs

may not see you.)

None.

N/A

Blue-green instrument

panel lights on.

(Vulnerable to threat

detection with NVGs.)

Minimal on third

generation tubes; can

degrade performance of

second generation tubes.

Turn to lowest light level

or turn off. Tape over

nonofficial lights. (May

allow warning lights to go

unnoticed.)

Instrument panel lights on.

(Vulnerable to threat

detection with NVGs.)

Can degrade all NVG

performance.

Turn to lowest level or turn

off. Tape over nonofficial

lights. (May allow

warning lights to go

unnoticed.)

Headlights on.

(Vulnerable to threat

detection.)

Non recommended. Can

shorten life of NVGs and

blind oncoming operators

with NVGs.

Use BO lights.

Chemlights on front of lead

vehicle and rear of trail

vehicle. (Vulnerable to

threat detection.)

Can degrade lead vehicle’s

distance vision to some

degree under low light

conditions.

Tape over part of

chemlight. Use BO lights.

BO marker lights on.

(Vulnerable to threat

detection with NVGs.)

As low light levels (heavy

overhead canopy or

starlight), Can degrade

NVG performance.

Tape over all but one or

four markers on rear of

vehicle. Tape over brake

marker.

BO markers with BO drive.

(Threat detection easy with

NVGs.)

Can enhance near vision,

but degrade distance

vision. May blind

oncoming operators with

NVGs.

Turn off BO drive or

ensure BO hood is adjusted

so light only shines down.

Normal parking/brake

lights. (Vulnerable to

threat detection.)

Can seriously degrade all

NVG performance and

may blind oncoming

operators with NVGs.

Use BO lights.

12.16.3. Vehicle Preparation. The design of some Air Force vehicles can affect the ability

to see outside the windshield. To reduce the loss of night vision because of vehicle

shortcomings, properly prepare the vehicle for night driving with NVGs.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 125

12.16.3.1. Vehicle instruments are easier to read under high levels of instrument lighting.

However, the level of light needed for the best reading interferes with the NVGs ability to

see dim objects outside the vehicle. Interior lights also interfere with NVG performance.

They reflect off the windshield, reduce outside visibility, and are subject to enemy

detection. To minimize these effects, turn off all interior lights and turn off or tape all

exterior lights.

12.17. Driving Techniques With Night Vision Goggles. The ability to drive with NVGs is

developed through training. The more a GMV operator drives with NVGs, the more they learn

about them. As a result, they gain confidence in their ability and in the capability of the device.

On the other hand, overconfidence is a main fault associated with NVG use. After wearing the

device for only a short time, one may feel they have complete visual acuity and depth perception

when in fact they do not.

12.17.1. Driving techniques and visual clues used during unaided night driving (without

NVGs) also apply to aid night driving (with NVGs). The advantage of NVG use is improved

ground reference and object identification. However, the field of view is greatly reduced.

12.17.1.1. Use a continual scanning pattern to make up for this. To view an area while

using NVGs, turn head slowly until the NVGs point in the desired direction. Rapid head

movement can induce vertigo, which may lead to dizziness and nausea. NOTE:

Warning, never use NVGs on public highways. The effect of oncoming headlights on the

device may cause some very dangerous situations (such as the GMV operator not being

able to see other objects in the field of view).

12.17.1.2. If the light is sufficiently bright, the devices all have a bright source protection

feature that shuts down the NVG to protect it.

12.17.1.3. If the bright source protection is activated, the NVGs will be off for at least

two hours. (T-1).

12.17.2. To minimize the effect of headlights from an oncoming vehicle:

12.17.2.1. Slow down.

12.17.2.2. Look away so that the light source is just outside the NVGs field of view.

12.17.2.3. Pull off to the far right-hand side of the road, and stop the vehicle.

12.17.2.4. DO NOT continue driving with NVGs unless authorized by a responsible

officer or individual (such as the range control officer).

12.18. Role of the Assistant GMV Operator. The assistant GMV operator plays an important

role in driving with NVGs.

12.18.1. The GMV operator should focus the NVGs for distance vision even though this

makes instrument reading difficult. An assistant GMV operator wearing NVGs can

compensate for this by alternating between distance and close-up viewing and telling the

GMV operator the status of warning lights, speedometer, fuel gauge, and other instrument

readings.

126 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

12.18.2. Depending on the vehicle configuration, the assistant GMV operator may need to sit

directly behind the GMV operator to gain a better view of the instrument panel.

12.18.3. The assistant GMV operator must also use a slow scanning pattern and tell the

GMV operator of any obstacles inside or outside his/her field-of-view. (T-1).

12.19. Parking Vehicles. When parking vehicles in areas where NVG tactical lighting is used,

trained spotters equipped with NVGs should direct GMV operators to parking spots.

12.19.1. Neither GMV operators nor guides should remove their NVGs until the vehicle is in

the desired parking spot.

12.19.2. Modify flashlights used by spotters for NVG compatibility. Alternative light

sources for use during tactical operations are available in the Air Force supply system.

12.20. Operations Under Blackout Conditions Without Night Vision Devices.

12.20.1. When operating under BO conditions, be sure the BO marker lights are functioning

properly.

12.20.2. Lower the windshield to improve visibility.

12.20.3. Drive at reduced speeds.

12.20.4. If in a column, watch the rear BO marker lights of the vehicle ahead to be sure of

following at the correct distance. Remember, the white BO stoplight of the vehicle ahead is

on the right and left side.

12.21. Blackout Marker Lights. To show the location of vehicles during BO conditions,

military vehicles are equipped with four BO marker lights. Two of these lights are on the rear

corners of the vehicles and the other two are on the front (see Figure 12.1). They do not

illuminate the road but depending on the weather can indicate the position of a vehicle as much

as 250 yards ahead. These lights cannot be seen from an airplane flying higher than 400 feet.

12.21.1. When operating a vehicle in a convoy under BO conditions, if practicable, post a

person equipped with a screened flashlight or large white piece of material in the rear of the

vehicle to warn the following operator if they approach too closely.

12.21.2. An alert rear guard can usually detect a vehicle at a reasonable distance, even one

with no lamps. In BO operation, vehicles should maintain a speed of 5 to 10 mph (8 to 16

kilometers per hour).

12.21.3. When a vehicle is disabled on the side of the road, the GMV operator is based at the

rear of the disabled vehicle with a screened flashlight or large white piece of material to warn

approaching vehicles of the danger.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 127

Figure 12.1. Rear BO Marker Lights.

128 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Chapter 13

LAND NAVIGATION

Section 13A—Navigation Considerations

13.1. Navigation Considerations.

13.1.1. Assembling Equipment. The navigator must gather all required equipment (maps,

pencils, and so forth) before the mission starts. (T-1).

13.1.2. Servicing Equipment. The navigator is responsible to ensure the operational

serviceability of equipment before the mission starts. (T-1).

13.1.3. Recording Data for Precise Locations. During movement, the navigator must make

sure that the correct direction and distance are recorded and followed. (T-1). Grid

coordinates of locations must be recorded and plotted. (T-1).

Section 13B—Land Navigation Overview

13.2. Maps. An easy way to become familiar with the area of operation is by studying a map.

From the map operators can determine the major roads and where they go. Also, maps indicate

obvious landmarks such as mountains, valleys, coastlines, rivers, cities, railroads, crossroads, and

bridges. The two basic types of maps are the grid map and the strip map.

13.2.1. For more information on land navigation, see AFTTP 3-4, Airman’s Manual.

13.3. Military Grid Reference System. To keep from getting lost, operators have to know how

to find out where they are. There are no street addresses in a combat area, but a military map can

identify locations accurately.

13.4. Grid Squares. The map has lines running up and down (north and south) and across (east

and west). These lines form small squares 1,000 meters on each side called grid squares.

13.5. Determining Coordinates. The lines that form grid squares are numbered along the

outside edge of the map picture. No two grid squares may have the same number. The precision

of a point location is shown by the number of digits in the coordinates the more digits, the more

precise the location; for example:

13.5.1. 1181 is a 1,000 meter grid square.

13.5.2. 115813 is to the nearest 100 meters.

13.5.3. 11508133 is to the nearest 10 meters.

13.5.4. For instance, suppose an address is grid square 1181. How is this found? Start from

the left and read right until reaching 11, the first half of the address. Then read up to 81, the

other half. The address is somewhere in grid square 1181 (see Figure 13.1).

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 129

Figure 13.1. Grid Square.

13.5.5. Grid square 1181 provides general location, but there is a lot of ground inside that

grid square. To provide a more accurate location, just add another number to the first half

and another number to the other half, so the location address has six numbers instead of four.

13.5.6. To get those extra numbers pretend that each grid square has 10 lines inside it

running north and south and another 10 running east and west. This makes 100 smaller

squares. Operators can estimate where these imaginary lines are.

13.5.7. If the location is halfway between line 11 and line 12, the next number is 5 and the

first half of the address is 115. If the location is also three-tenths of the way between line 81

and line 82, then the second half of the location address is 813. (If exactly on line 81, the

second half would be 810.). Figure 13.2 shows that if the location is where the dot is in the

grid square 1181, then the location address would be 115813.

13.5.8. The most accurate way to determine the coordinates of a point on a map is to use a

coordinate scale (see Figure 13.3). Imaginary lines are not necessary because the exact

coordinates are displayed on the coordinate scale and protractor or the plotting scale.

Located on both of these devices are two coordinate scales: 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 meters.

When using either of these devices, be sure to use the correct scale.

13.5.9. Use the coordinate scales to determine the coordinates of a point (Point A) already

plotted on a map (see Figure 13.4). First, locate the grid square in which the point is located.

The number of the vertical grid line on the left (West) side of the grid square is the first and

second digits of the coordinates (11). The number of the horizontal grid line on the bottom

(South) side of the grid square is the fourth and fifth digits of the coordinates (81).

130 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Figure 13.2. Point on a Grid Square.

Figure 13.3. Coordinate Scales.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 131

Figure 13.4. Determining Coordinates of a Point Using a Coordinate Scale.

13.5.10. To determine the third and sixth digits of the coordinates, place the coordinate scale

on the bottom grid square containing point A. Be sure the zeroes of the coordinate scale are

in the lower left-hand (Southwest) corner of the grid square. Slide the coordinate scale to the

right, keeping the bottom of the scale on the bottom grid line until point A is under the

vertical (right-hand) scale.

13.5.11. To determine a six-digit coordinate, the 100-meter mark on the bottom scale, which

is nearest the north-south grid line, is the third digit, 5. The 100-meter mark on the right-

hand scale, which is nearest point A, is the sixth digit, 3. Putting these together, establishes a

location of 115813.

13.5.12. To determine an eight-digit coordinate, which locates a point on the ground to

within 10 meters, keep in mind that there are 100 meters between each 100-meter mark

(number) on the scale. A short tick mark indicates 50 meters between each 100-meter mark.

As shown in Figure 13.2 the grid line crosses the bottom scale on the 500-meter mark, this

makes the third and fourth digits 50. If the grid line crossed the scale between the 500- and

600-meter mark, then interpolate how many meters it is beyond 500 meters. To determine

the seventh and eighth digits, read the right-hand scale where the point is on the scale. As

shown, the point is between the 300- mark and the 50-meter tick mark. Make an estimate of

how many 10s the point is beyond the 300 mark. In this case it is 3, which makes the seventh

and eighth digits, 33. Putting these together, establishes a location of 11508133.

132 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

13.5.13. To determine the correct two-letter 100,000-meter square identifier, look at the grid

reference box in the margin of the map. Place the 100,000 – meter square identifier in front

of the coordinate GL 11508133 (see Figure 13.5, Figure 13.6, Figure 13.7, and Figure

13.8).

Figure 13.5. Locating a Point on a Grid Square.

Figure 13.6. Coordinate Scale.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 133

Figure 13.7. Grid Reference Box.

Figure 13.8. Strip Map.

134 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

13.6. Estimating the Distance. Maps are drawn to scale so measurements of distance on the

map estimate the distance on the ground. This scale may be indicated by a note such as ”3

inches equals 1 mile.” This means that 3 inches on the map equals 1 mile on the ground. By

using a 3-inch strip of paper as a ruler to measure the number of miles on the map, the actual

miles can be estimated. Sometimes instead of a note, a ruler is printed on the map. Another way

to show the scale is by a representative fraction; for instance, l/63,360 or 1:63,360. This means

that one unit of distance on the map equals 63,360 units on the ground. For instance, 1 inch on

the map equals 63,360 inches on the ground which equals 5,280 feet or 1 mile.

13.7. Unit Measurements. United States units for measuring distance are in terms of miles,

yards, and feet. In most overseas areas, the metric system is used. A GMV operator needs to

know metric measurements and how they compare to U.S. measurements because speedometers

and odometers may measure in miles versus kilometers. A kilometer equals a little over six-

tenths of a mile. The following conversion method shows how to convert (approximately) to the

metric system:

13.7.1. Kilometers (km) to miles (mi): multiply km by 0.62.

13.7.2. Example: 37 km x 0.62 = 22.94 or 23 mi.

13.7.3. Miles to kilometers: multiply mi by 1.6.

13.7.4. Example: 23 mi x 1.6 = 36.8 or 37 km.

13.8. Estimating the Time. Having estimated the distance, the next step is to figure-the time

needed for travel. In estimating time, remember that the maximum allowable speed should not

exceed that shown on the caution plate in the cab or that specified by the commander. Average

speed should be less than the maximum speed, as average speed includes halts and traffic

slowdowns.

13.9. Recognizing Military Signs. In addition to the signs and devices normally encountered in

civilian and military driving, an operator must know signs peculiar to the military service. (T-0).

These include signs or symbols and installation markers (see Figure 13.9). Military signs and

symbols can be found in Army Doctrine Reference Publication 1-02, Terms and Military

Symbols.

Figure 13.9. Strip Map Symbols.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 135

13.10. Using a Strip Map. The strip map shown in Figure 13.8 is a sketch of a route-of-march.

It may or may not be drawn to scale, but it should show the identifying landmarks. A strip map

may include varying degrees of information, such as:

13.10.1. Start point and Release point.

13.10.1.1. The start point is where all elements of a column come under the control of

the convoy commander. The SP should be a place along the route easily recognized on

both maps and ground.

13.10.1.2. The release point is a well-defined point on a route at which the elements

composing a column return under the authority of their respective commanders, each one

of these elements continuing its movement towards its own appropriate destination.

13.10.2. Routes and route numbers.

13.10.3. Major towns.

13.10.4. Major roads and crossroads.

13.10.5. Mileage between points.

13.10.6. Safe havens, rest, halt, and petroleum, oils, and lubricants areas.

13.10.7. Directional arrows.

13.10.8. Legend.

Section 13C—Prepare Before Movement

13.11. Movement Preparation. Locate the start point and finish point on the map. Determine

the map’s grid azimuth from start point to finish point and convert it to a magnetic azimuth.

Determine the distance between the start point and finish point or any intermediate points on the

map and make a thorough map reconnaissance of that area. Ensure vehicle is prepared for

inclement weather operations prior to movement.

Section 13D—Terrain Association Navigation

13.12. Terrain Association. This is currently the most widely used method of navigation. The

navigator plans the route to move from terrain feature to terrain feature. The navigator selects

routes or streets between key points or intersections. These routes should be capable of

sustaining the travel of the vehicle or vehicles, should be relatively direct, and should be easy to

follow. In a typical move, the navigator does the following:

13.12.1. Determines current location.

13.12.2. Determines the location of the objective.

13.12.3. Notes both of the above locations on the navigation map.

13.12.4. Selects a route between the two.

13.12.5. After examining the terrain, makes the necessary rout adjustments by the following

actions:

136 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

13.12.5.1. Consider Tactical Aspects. Avoid sky lining, select key terrain for over watch

positions, and select concealed routes.

13.12.5.2. Consider Ease of Movement. Use the easiest possible route and bypass

difficult terrain. Remember that a difficult route is harder to follow, is noisier, causes

more wear and tear (and possible recovery problems), and takes more time. Tactical

surprise is achieved by doing the unexpected. Try to select an axis or corridor instead of

a specific route. Make sure there is enough maneuver room for the vehicles (see Figure

13.1).

13.12.5.3. Use Terrain Features as Checkpoints. These checkpoints need to be easily

recognizable in the light and weather conditions and at the speed at which the navigator

may move. The navigator should be able to find a terrain feature for all checkpoints

along each segment/leg of the route and should be used as a visual reference. An

example is checkpoint 2, the church, and checkpoint 3, the orchard (see Figure 13.10).

13.12.5.3.1. The best checkpoints are linear features that cross the route. Use

streams, rivers, hard-top roads, ridges, valleys, and railroads.

13.12.5.3.2. The next best checkpoints are elevation changes (such as hills,

depressions, spurs, and draws). Look for two contour lines of change. While

mounted, an operator should not be able to spot two lines of change.

13.12.5.3.3. In wooded terrain, try to locate checkpoints at no more than 1,000-meter

intervals. In open terrain, checkpoints may go to about 5,000 meters.

13.12.5.4. Follow Terrain Features. Movement and navigation along a valley floor or

near (not necessarily on) the crest of a ridgeline is easiest.

13.12.5.5. Determine Directions. Break the route down into smaller segments and

determine the rough directions that can be followed. An operator does not need to use

the compass; just the main points of direction (north, northeast, east, and so forth).

Before moving, note the location of the sun and locate north. Locate changes of

direction, if any, at the checkpoints picked.

13.12.5.6. Determine Distance. Get the total distance to be traveled and the approximate

distance between checkpoints. Plan to use the vehicle odometer to keep track of distance

traveled. Use the pace-count method and keep a record of the distance traveled. When

using a pace count, convert from map distance to ground distance by adding the

conversion factors of 20 percent for cross-country movement.

13.12.5.7. Make Notes. Mental notes are usually adequate. Try to imagine what the

route is like and remember it.

13.12.5.8. Plan to Avoid Errors. Restudy the route selected. Try to determine where

errors are most apt to occur and how to avoid any trouble.

13.12.5.9. Use a Navigational Log. Prepare a navigational log when the routes have

been selected and when the distance to be traveled has been divided into legs. The log is

an informal record of the distance and azimuth of each leg, with notes to aid the navigator

in following the correct route. The notes list easily identifiable terrain features at or near

the point where the direction of movement changes.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 137

Figure 13.10. Primary Route.

Section 13E—Electronic Navigation Equipment

13.13. Precision Lightweight Global Positioning System (GPS) Receiver (PLGR). The

PLGR is a legacy military GPS receiver still in wide use today. PLGR is a key element,

providing real-time, precise position data for all combat elements to the battlefield information

systems.

13.14. Defense Advanced Global Positioning System (GPS) Receiver (DAGR). The DAGR

is a self-contained, hand-held, continuously tracking GPS receiver. It uses GPS receiver

technology. Although designed as a hand-held receiver for ground-mobile and airborne troops,

standardized interfaces enable DAGR to provide Position, Navigation, Timing information to a

wide variety of vehicles and host systems including integrated configurations for position

location, target location, rendezvous and en-route and terminal navigation.

138 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Chapter 14

CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, AND NUCLEAR (CBRN)

OPERATIONS

Section 14A—Operations in CBRN Environment

14.1. General Information. Actual operations prove that response actions conducted during

training are also done during warfare. A GMV operator must know what to do when driving in a

CBRN environment. (T-1). For additional guidance, see AFTTP 3-2.60, Chemical, Biological,

Radiological and Nuclear Decontamination, AFTTP 3-4, AFMAN 10-2503, Operations in a

Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and High-Yield Explosive (CBRNE) Environment,

and the Installation Emergency Management Plan 10-2.

Section 14B—Practices for Operating Vehicle in Contaminated Area

14.2. Operating a Vehicle in a Contaminated Area. Personnel operating vehicles in a CBRN

contaminated environment can reduce the risk of contamination through the use of contamination

avoidance measures referred in the Airman’s Manual and AFTTP 3-2.60. Operating times for

personnel in a CBRN contaminated area may vary depending on the use of protective clothing,

temperature, nature of the contaminant, type of soil and terrain, and task to be performed. For

mission critical operations in a radiological environment, the commander has the responsibility

and authority to establish the minimum exposure dose to protect the Airmen. The following

practices are helpful in carrying out the mission:

14.2.1. Before entering CBRN contaminated areas, don protective clothing and the

protective mask, as required.

14.2.2. Use hard-surface roads, if available.

14.2.3. Avoid puddles and unnecessary splashing if roads are muddy.

14.2.4. Clean the wheels of the vehicle after crossing the area.

14.2.5. Move through the area as rapidly and safely as possible.

14.3. Vehicle Operation While Wearing Protective Mask.

14.3.1. Under combat conditions, situations change. GMV operators may be moving

forward, in a fighting position, or standing by in a replacement area some distance from the

combat area. In any of these situations, they are subject to enemy attacks.

14.3.2. Additional training is required to operate vehicles in a chemical warfare defense

ensemble. Unit vehicle control officers are the OPRs for unit-led training requirements to

operate vehicles in chemical warfare defense ensemble. Utilize AFQTP 24-3-500 Vehicle

Operation in MOPP 4 as a training package for specific training requirements and vehicle

types. Tasks that involve wearing chemical warfare defense ensembles, Individual Protective

Equipment (IPE) and MOPP, are outlined in Career Field Education and Training Plan

wartime tasks for certification. MOPP gear vehicle operations will be completed as part of

Air Force Expeditionary Force training, such as law of war, self-aid buddy care, etc. Training

is documented in personnel training records (if applicable). (T-1)

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 139

14.4. Marker Descriptions.

14.4.1. Use the triangular signs described in this chapter and AFMAN 10-2503, unless the

area is to be abandoned to threat forces, to mark CBRN contaminated areas, chemical

minefields, booby traps, and unexploded ordnance. See Figure 14.1

Figure 14.1. Standard CBRN and Unexploded Ordnance Hazard Markers.

14.5. Vehicle and Equipment Decontamination. In addition to the Installation Emergency

Management Plan 10-2 checklists, the following guidelines should be followed to decontaminate

vehicles and equipment:

14.5.1. Contaminated vehicles and equipment are still serviceable. Do not abandon or stop

protecting items contaminated from previous attacks. Personnel who use the proper

Individual Protective Equipment and protective measures can use contaminated vehicles and

equipment. As soon after contamination occurs, and as the situation permits, decontaminate

unit equipment.

140 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

14.5.2. Operational Decontamination. The most effective time to perform operational

decontamination is within one hour of contamination. Decontamination can be performed by

the operator or by the whole crew. Operators use the M295 Individual Equipment

Decontamination Kit (IEDK) to decontaminate the surfaces they need to touch or contact to

operate the equipment. Radiological contamination in the form of dust particles may be

wiped, scraped or brushed-off.

14.5.3. Vehicle Paint Schemes. See AFTTP 3-2.60.

14.5.3.1. Chemical Agent Resistant Coating is a supplemental coating applied to vehicles

and equipment to enhance the ability of operators to decontaminate the item after a

chemical attack.

14.5.3.1.1. Most non- Chemical Agent Resistant Coating painted surfaces readily

absorb liquid chemical agents. However, chemical agent absorption may take up to

six hours on Chemical Agent Resistant Coating painted vehicles or equipment items,

as long as the assets were previously painted within two years prior to a chemical

attack.

14.5.3.1.2. Due to the slower rate of absorption with Chemical Agent Resistant

Coating paint, the contact and transfer hazard remains viable as long as the agent is

on the surface. Additionally, the resulting vapor concentrations are at their maximum

limit.

14.5.3.1.3. If it is necessary to use Chemical Agent Resistant Coating painted

vehicles or equipment within 6 hours of contamination, decontaminate the entire

exterior in addition to those areas that may be continuously touched.

14.5.3.2. Polyurethane Paint. The majority of vehicles and equipment on Air Force

installations are painted with polyurethane compounds. Chemical agents readily absorb

into this type of paint. Thus, decontamination operations may not have a significant

effect unless decontamination activities take place very shortly after the time of

contamination (within minutes). When the liquid agent absorbs into the paint, it reduces

the residual contact hazard and may present a vapor off-gassing hazard for long periods.

14.5.3.3. Contaminated vehicle or interior.

14.5.3.3.1. Seating area or operator. GMV operators and passengers should place

plastic sheeting or other barrier materials on seats if the seat area or the individual are

(or were previously) contaminated. Body heat and pressure (from sitting) increases

the potential for liquid chemical agents to penetrate the ensemble.

14.5.3.3.2. Steering wheel. Consider using barrier material to cover the steering

wheels. This is especially important for vehicles that have open cabs or driver’s

compartments.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 141

14.6. Pre/Post- Attack Preparation. Pre-attack actions include planning a vehicle covering

strategy, protecting the vehicle fleet, and pre-positioning M8 paper on all vehicle assets. Post-

attack actions include prioritizing vehicle use after an attack, conducting expedient vehicle

decontamination, and performing vehicle maintenance procedures in a contaminated

environment. Additional post-attack activities include providing long-term identification of

contaminated vehicles and supporting open-air contamination control area (CCA) operations.

14.6.1. Contaminated Vehicle Identification and Marking.

14.6.1.1. Each vehicle and equipment operator is responsible for covering and placing

M8 paper on their assets prior to attacks. They are also responsible for identifying and

marking contamination found after attacks.

14.6.1.2. Upon notification from the Unit Control Center or Emergency Operations

Center (EOC), check pre-positioned M8 paper on assets and each layer of barrier

materials and mark contamination. When the item is contaminated, mark with the

appropriate symbol. This is done to enable maintenance personnel to take the necessary

protective actions and precautions when performing maintenance.

14.6.1.3. The operator must notify their Unit Control Center of the contamination item’s

status. (T-1).

14.6.1.3.1. The Unit Control Center consolidates unit information and passes this

information to the EOC. For vehicles, the Unit Control Center will also notify the

GTOC and Vehicle Fleet Manager and include the POC information, vehicle location,

contamination type, damaged or unserviceable status, and vehicle registration

number. (T-1).

14.6.1.4. For vehicles, place the marker in lower center portion of the windshield. Each

GMV operator will annotate the AF Form 1800 when the marker is placed. (T-1).

Include the date and time of the contamination, the agent type and the location of the

contamination on the vehicle.

14.6.1.4.1. If the inspection form is not available or becomes contaminated, provide

the same information, along with the vehicle or equipment registration or

identification number, to the Unit Control Center.

14.6.2. Dispersal and Expedient Hardening. Vehicle dispersal is a valuable asset protection

technique. The probability is high that effective dispersal may protect some vehicle assets

from contamination or damage from conventional weapons effects. However, use dispersal

actions with expedient hardening and overhead cover whenever possible. Additionally,

personnel should guard against the tendency to park a large number of vehicles at any one

location due to the ease of access.

14.6.2.1. When identifying or constructing dispersal sites, choose a combination of

features that provide the best available expedient or natural protection and support

mission needs.

142 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

14.6.2.2. Locate multiple dispersal sites in areas that are not within the effective range of

adversary ground force weapons. If possible, locate sites on a concrete or asphalt surface

and ensure there are at least two entry and exit routes. One of the routes should be a

concrete or asphalt surface. Enhance protection by locating dispersal sites in areas that is

under the direct observation or control of a security forces defensive fighting position or

an owner-user security checkpoint. To simplify retrieval and post-attack reconnaissance

tasks, place sites near a unit work area.

14.6.2.3. Consider using dispersed vehicles as storage locations for alternate mission

supporting materials, such as tools and equipment.

14.6.3. Contaminated vehicles. Use contaminated vehicles only when uncontaminated

vehicles of the same type are unavailable. If possible, coordinate with the requesting unit to

delay non-critical operations until the uncontaminated vehicle is available.

14.6.3.1. As a safety precaution, always wear appropriate IPE when working with or

around previously contaminated vehicles.

14.6.3.2. Dispose of contaminated waste within a closed and marked container or in a

marked plastic disposal bag at the unit contaminated waste disposal point, or in the

nearest work center contaminated waste disposal point. If transporting contaminated

waste from the work site to another location, place the contaminated waste inside marked

plastic bags or closed containers before loading into the vehicle.

14.6.3.3. Contaminated buses move contaminated passengers and non-contaminated

buses move non-contaminated passengers. However, there can be times when

insufficient resources are available for use or mission dictates the prompt movement of

personnel. During these times, use caution and place plastic barrier materials on the seats

to prevent cross contamination.

14.6.3.4. Vehicle Contamination Specifics. There is no machine, kit, team, technique

or procedure presently capable of fulfilling all decontamination requirements. Depending

on the vehicle surface, the agent may absorb into the surface in times ranging from less

than one minute up to approximately one hour. Vehicle decontamination operations may

not have a significant effect once the agent has absorbed into the surface.

14.6.3.5. There is no need for extensive vehicle decontamination and there is no need to

establish a formal vehicle decontamination team. Placing barrier materials over the

item(s) and, or replacement are the best mitigation techniques.

14.6.3.6. Vehicles should be expediently decontaminated, specifically the parts that may

continuously be touched within one hour of contamination.

14.6.3.6.1. Ensure vehicles are clearly identified as containing a residual chemical

hazard. The operator’s or work center’s accomplishment of expedient

decontamination using M295 IEDK can suffice to continue operations.

14.6.3.6.2. Use M295 IEDK or a 5-percent chlorine bleach solution to decontaminate

appropriate asset surfaces if more than cursory contact is necessary, i.e., leaning on

hood compartment, kneeling in truck bed.

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 143

14.6.3.7. Ensure all personnel are wearing the appropriate MOPP level. Once cargo

loading/unloading is complete, determine the type, location and degree of contamination

remaining on the vehicle and ensure to transport personnel to the CCA as required. The

Installation Control Center will make the final decision as to Mission Criticality Level.

(T-1). See Table 14.1 below for specific levels.

Table 14.1. Mission Criticality Level Codes.

Mission Criticality Level

Definition

Critical

Property is sufficiently important that it

must be transported within 4 hours,

regardless of existence of contamination.

Priority

Property is sufficiently important that it

must be transported within 12 hours,

regardless of existence of contamination.

Accelerated

Property is sufficiently important that it

must be transported within 24 hours,

regardless of existence of contamination.

Routine

Mission can be delayed until

contamination levels are such that MOPP

4 is not required, regardless of how long it

takes the contamination to dissipate.

Negligible

Mission can be delayed until there is no

measurable indication of contamination;

property should not normally be accepted

inside property movement area and save

room for higher priority property.

14.6.4. Clean and Contaminated Cargo Movement.

14.6.4.1. If the transport vehicle is uncontaminated, take the following precautions to

keep it clean during the contaminated cargo movement process.

14.6.4.1.1. Expediently decontaminate the portions of the MHE exposed to either the

cargo pallet or the transport vehicle (forklift tines and rollers on the aircraft loader).

Use M295 IEDK or 5-percent chlorine bleach solution to decontaminate.

14.6.4.1.2. Place plastic or another barrier material in the bed of the transport vehicle

over the area the cargo sits on.

14.6.4.1.3. The GMV operator should be the only person in the transport vehicle and

must wear the appropriate level of IPE. (T-1).

14.6.4.1.4. Local cargo handlers should perform the actual cargo loading. Cargo

handlers should not touch or stand on or inside the vehicle unless absolutely

necessary.

144 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

14.6.4.1.4.1. If they touch or stand on or inside the vehicle, they should use

decontamination troughs containing 5-percent chlorine solutions to decontaminate

their gloves and boots before they make contact.

14.6.4.1.5. Check the clean transport vehicle for evidence of cross-contamination and

decontaminate with the M295 decontamination kit if contaminated.

14.6.4.1.6. Seal vehicle chocks or other transport vehicle accessories that may have

come in contact with contaminated surfaces inside a plastic bag prior to loading.

14.6.4.1.7. Appropriately mark the vehicle and the cargo to clearly identify the

hazard associated with the contaminated cargo.

14.6.4.1.8. Use the following guidelines when loading and transporting clean cargo

after attacks with chemical or biological agents.

14.6.4.1.8.1. Determine the contamination status of the MHE (forklifts and

aircraft loaders) and the transport vehicle or vehicles.

14.6.4.1.8.2. If the MHE and/or transport vehicle is contaminated, take the

following precautions to prevent them from cross-contaminating the 463L cargo

pallet during the cargo movement process.

14.6.4.1.8.2.1. Expediently decontaminate the portions of the MHE

equipment that may come in contact with the cargo.

14.6.4.1.8.2.2. Place at least two sheets of plastic or another layer of barrier

material in the bed of the transport vehicle over the area the cargo or pallets sit

on.

14.6.4.1.8.2.3. Ensure the cargo has at least a double wrap of barrier material.

14.6.4.1.8.2.4. The GMV operator should be the only person in the transport

vehicle and must wear the appropriate level of IPE. (T-1).

14.6.4.1.8.2.5. Local cargo handlers should perform the actual cargo loading.

Cargo handlers should not touch or stand on or inside the vehicle or vehicles

unless absolutely necessary.

14.6.4.1.8.2.6. If they touch or stand on or inside the vehicle, they should use

decontamination troughs containing 5-percent chlorine solutions to

decontaminate their gloves and boots after they make contact.

14.6.4.1.8.2.7. Check the pallet or pallets for evidence of cross-contamination

and decontaminate with the M295 IEDK if contamination is present.

14.6.4.1.8.2.8. Appropriately mark the vehicle to clearly identify the

associated hazard.

WARREN D. BERRY, Lieutenant General, USAF

DCS/Logistics, Engineering & Force Protection

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 145

Attachment 1

GLOSSARY OF REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING INFORMATION

References

AFTTP(I) 3-2.58, Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Tactical Convoy

Operations, 1 Feb 17

AFTTP(I) 3-2.60, Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Chemical, Biological,

Radiological and Nuclear Decontamination, 1 Apr 06

AFTTP(I) 3-4, Airman’s Manual, 11 Jan 19

AFPD 24-3, Management, Operation and Use of Transportation Vehicles, 14 Dec 17

AFI 10-2701, Organization and Function of the Civil Air Patrol, 07 Aug 18

AFI 13-213, Airfield Driving, 4 Feb 20

AFI 24-301, Ground Transportation, 22 Oct 19

AFI 24-302, Vehicle Management, 21 Feb 20

AFI 32-6003, General Officer Quarters (GOQ) Management, 30 Sept 19

AFI 33-322, Records Management and Information Governance Program, 22 Mar 20

AFI 33-360, Publications and Forms Management, 1 Dec 15

AFI 34-501, Mortuary Affairs Program, 16 Apr 19

AFI 36-2670, Total Force Development, 25 Jun 20

AFI 84-103, United States Air Force Heritage Program, 22 May 15

AFI 90-301, The Inspector General Complaints Resolution, 28 Dec 18

AFI 91-202, The US Air Force Mishap Prevention Program, 12 Mar 20

AFMAN 91-203, Air Force Occupational Safety, Fire, and Health Standards, 11 Dec 18

AFI 91-207, The US Air Force Traffic Safety Program, 26 Jul 19

AFMAN 10-2503, Operations in a Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear,

Environment, 14 May 19

AFMAN 24-204, Preparing Hazardous Materials for Military Air Shipments, 13 Jul 18

AFMAN 31-116, Air Force Motor Vehicle Traffic Supervision, 22 Jun 17

AFMAN 33-363, Management of Records, 1 Mar 08

AFMAN 91-201, Explosives Safety Standards, 21 Mar 17

AI 109, Use of Motor Transportation and Scheduled DoD Shuttle Service in the Pentagon Area,

22 May 17

AFI 24-602, Cargo Movement, 12 Jun 19

NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 2018 Edition

146 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

TO 00-35A-39, Instructions for Procurement, Issue, Use and Maintenance of Medical Kits, 1

Mar 17

TO 36-1-191, Technical and Managerial Reference for Motor Vehicle Maintenance, 7 Feb 19

TO 36M-1-141, 463 L Material Handling Equipment System, 1 June 18

NGR 5-1, National Guard Grants and Cooperative Agreements, 28 May 10

ADRP 1-02, Terms and Military Symbols, 16 Nov 16

ATP 4-11, Army Motor Transport Operations, 5 Jul 13

ATP 4-16, Movement Control, 5 Apr 13

Department of Defense Regulations, Directives, and Instructions

AI 109, Use of Motor Transportation and Scheduled DoD Shuttle Service in the Pentagon Area,

22 May 17

DoDI 6055.04, DoD Traffic Safety Program, 31 Aug 18

DoDI 7250.13, Use of Appropriated Funds for Official Representation Purposes, 27 Sept 17

DoDM 4500.36, Acquisition, Management, and Use of DoD Non-Tactical Vehicles, 20 Dec 18

DoDIO-2000.16V1_AFI 10245-0AFI 10-245, Antiterrorism (AT) Program Implementation, 18

Jul 17

Public Law (P.L.)

Public Law 99-570, Title XI, The Federal Employee Substance Abuse Education and Treatment

Act of 1986

Public Law 99-570, Title XII, The Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986

Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)

Title 5 CFR, Part 930, Subpart A, Motor Vehicle Operators

Title 29 CFR, Part 1910.178, Power Industrial Trucks

Title 29 CFR, Part 1926.902, Surface Transportation of Explosives

Title 49 CFR, Subchapter C, Hazardous Materials Regulation, Parts 171-179

Title 49 CFR, Subpart 173.52, Classification Codes and Compatibility Groups of Explosives

Title 49 CFR, Subpart 175.78, Stowage Compatibility of Cargo

Title 49 CFR, Subpart 177.817, Shipping Papers

Title 49 CFR, Subpart 382.103, Controlled Substances and Alcohol Use and Testing

Title 49 CFR, Subpart 383.3, Commercial Driver’s License Standards; Requirements and

Penalties

Title 49 CFR, Subchapter B, Federal Motor Carriers Safety Regulations, Parts 390-397

SDDCTEA Pamphlet 55-20, Tie-down Handbook for Truck Movements, May 09

DTR 4500.9-R Part II, Cargo Movement, May 14

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 147

DoT-SP 3498, Driver Exemption Programs, 16 Oct 18

United States Code (U.S.C.)

Title 10 U.S.C. § 9442, Status as Volunteer Civilian Auxiliary of the Air Force

Title 31 U.S.C. § 1344, Passenger Carrier Use

Title 40 U.S.C. § 601-611, Motor Vehicle Pools and Transportation Systems

Title 49 U.S.C. § 31302, Commercial Driver’s License Requirement

Adopted Forms

AF Form 171, Request for Driver’s Training and Addition to U.S. Government Driver’s License

AF Form 483, Certificate of Competency

AF Form 847, Recommendation for Change of Publication

AF Form 1800, Operator’s Inspection Guide and Trouble Report

AF Form 2293, U.S. Air Force Motor Vehicle Operator Identification Card

AF Form 2296, Operator Qualification Record

DD Form 518, Accident Identification Card

DD Form 626, Motor Vehicle Inspection (Transporting Hazardous Materials)

DD Form 2890, DOD Multimodal Dangerous Goods Declaration

OF 345, Physical Fitness Inquiry for Motor Vehicle Operators

OF 346, U.S. Government Motor Vehicle Operator’s Identification Card

SF 91, Motor Vehicle Accident Report

SF 94, Statement of Witness

Abbreviations and Acronyms

AAFES—Army and Air Force Exchange Service

AFI—Air Force Instruction

AFIMSC—Air Force Installation and Mission Support Center

AFMAN—Air Force Manual

AFPD—Air Force Policy Directive

AFTTP—Air Force Tactics, Techniques and Procedures

BO—Blackout

CBRN—Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear

CBRNE—Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear and High-Yield Explosives

CCA—Contamination Control Area

CDL—Commercial Driver’s License

148 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

CONUS—Continental United States

DAGR—Defense Advanced GPS Receiver

DGR—Dangerous Goods Regulation

DoD—Department of Defense

DoDI—Department of Defense Instruction

DoT—Department of Transportation

DV—Distinguished Visitor

EOC—Emergency Operations Center

GMV—Government Motor Vehicle

GOQ—General Officer Quarters

GSA—General Services Administration

GTOC—Ground Transportation Operations Center

GVWR—Gross Vehicle Weight Rating

HAZMAT—Hazardous Material

IAW—In Accordance With

ICAO—International Civil Aviation Organization

IEDK—Individual Equipment Decontamination Kit

IMDG—International Maritime Dangerous Goods

JROTC—Junior Reserve Officer Training Candidate

LRS—Logistics Readiness Squadron

MAJCOM—Major Command

MHE—Material Handling Equipment

MOPP—Mission Oriented Protective Posture

MPH—Miles per Hour

NATO—North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NCOIC—Non Commissioned Officer in Charge

NVG—Night Vision Goggles

OCONUS—Outside the Continental United States

OF—Optional Form

OLVIMS—Online Vehicle Interactive Management System

OPM—Office of Personnel Management

OPR—Office of Primary Responsibility

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 149

OR&L—Operator Records and Licensing

OSHA—Occupational Safety and Health Administration

PA—Privacy Act

PCS—Permanent Change of Station

PLGR—Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver

POC—Point-of-Contact

RDS—Records Disposition Schedule

ROTC—Reserve Officer Training Candidate

SABC—Self-Aid and Buddy Care

SCP—Special Command Position

SDDC—Surface Deployment and Distribution Command

SF—Standard Form

SORN—Status of Record Notice

TDY—Temporary Duty

TEA—Transportation Engineering Agency

TVO—Training Validation and Operations

USC—United States Code

VCO—Vehicle Control Official

Terms

Direct Mission Support—Commercial design vehicles used by military activities directly

supporting combat, non-combat, tactical units or for training of personnel for such activities.

Activities include Taxi, Aircrew Transportation, General Freight Support, Shuttle Service(s),

MHE Service, Doc Cargo Priority Service, Doc Cargo Routine Service and Protocol DV Service.

The activities listed in this paragraph are examples and do not constitute an all-inclusive list.

Distinguished Visitor (DV). —A DV is defined as (1) any general or flag officer; (2) any

government official with rank equivalent to a brigadier general or higher; or (3) any foreign

military officer or civilian designated a DV by the Deputy Under Secretary of the Air Force for

International Affairs (SAF/ IA). At times, persons of lower rank but appointed to or filling

certain positions, may be accorded DV status. The purpose of the visit will determine if the

distinction of DV should be accorded. The commander determines the DV distinction on an

individual basis

Domicile—A place of residence, regardless of where located, excluding TDY residences.

Emergency Response Forces—A group organized or available for a certain purpose with

specialized vehicles to support the Air Force mission. Example would be Fire Department

personnel and assigned fire truck or Security Forces personnel and assigned patrol vehicles.

150 AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020

Employee—An employee of an agency in either the competitive or excepted service or an

enrollee of the Job Corps established by Title 42 U.S.C § 102.

Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR)—Is normally found on the vehicle/equipment data

plate as GVWR. The gross vehicle weight rating or gross vehicle mass (GVM) is the maximum

operating weight/mass of a vehicle as specified by the manufacturer including the vehicle's

chassis, body, engine, engine fluids, fuel, accessories, operator, passengers and cargo.

Installation—Real property owned or leased by the United States and under the jurisdiction of

one of the DoD Components, including family housing designed for rent for residential use by

civilian or military personnel of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps or Air Force, and constructed

under the National Housing Act.

Mass Transportation Services—Service for which a fare is normally charged, meeting

requirements beyond shuttle bus services by providing "non-duty" types of transportation within

a DoD installation or between sub-installations.

Motor Vehicle Accident—An occurrence involving a motor vehicle resulting from a collision

with another moving or stationary objects. Mechanical failures resulting from operator abuse or

negligence are not accidents under this definition.

Official Purposes—Any application of a motor vehicle in support of authorized DoD functions,

activities or operations.

Official Use—GMVs are closely controlled because of their easy accessibility, high visibility

and potential for misuse. DoDM 4500.36 implements federal law (e.g., 31 U.S.C. §1344

Passenger Carrier Use and 40 U.S.C. §§601-611, Motor Vehicle Pools and Transportation

Systems) and prescribes the limited use of GMVs to official governmental purposes.

Operations—Those functions associated with the organization responsible for administering,

planning, directing and controlling the assignment and movement of transportation equipment

and operators in the transporting of personnel and cargo.

Operator’s Inspection and Service—Those maintenance inspections and functions performed

by the operator, before, during and after operation to ensure the vehicle is safe and serviceable.

Reputable Establishment—An establishment that will not create a perception that will reflect

unfavorably on the DoD or Air Force or cause public criticism no matter what the venue is.

Service Animal—Service animals are not considered pets. They are trained to perform tasks for

people with disabilities, either physical or psychological in nature.

Shuttle Service—This fare-free service is established to meet DoD requirements and operates

only in duty areas.

Space-Available (Space A)—Any seating available after accommodating space required

passengers. The vehicle size or contract cost will not be increased to accommodate space-

available personnel (i.e., if space is required for three passengers to attend an official function a

bus cannot be scheduled for use to transport additional Space-A passengers desiring transport to

the same or nearby destination). (T-0).

AFMAN24-306 30 JULY 2020 151

U-Drive-It (UDI)—Vehicles available to using organizations and activities of the installation for

temporary support of official functions and operated by personnel assigned to the using agency

in support of home-station missions, contingencies, TDY support and combat service support

operations. Support is normally limited to 72 hours, but can be approved for up to 60 days. A

UDI dispatch should not exceed 60 days total duration, IAW AFI 24-301 Para 3.16.3 Back-to-

back dispatches are not authorized in order to circumvent 60 consecutive days.

Vehicle Abuse—Damage caused by neglect or willful acts of improper operation or care.

Vehicle Misuse—Use of GMVs, including those rented or leased, for any purpose other than

that of official purposes only (e.g., in support of authorized DoD functions, activities, or

operations). Vehicle misuse includes, but is not limited to, use of a GMV solely to enhance the

comfort or convenience of member(s), or transportation by a GMV for reasons of rank, position,

prestige or personal convenience.

Vehicle Fleet—Vehicles assigned to provide transportation services and for temporary use by

other organizations.